Bit 575 Business Network Systems Management

The Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP).

But how does it work? The internet, based on the concept of “packet switching”, involves the travelling of small packets of data over one or more networks (Frenzel, 2013). This can be compared to “electronic postcards”, meaning that “a computer generates a piece of data and flings it into the net, just like the postal system, except 100 million times faster” (Cerf, 2013). This concept allows one computer to speak to many different computers around the network by sending out these “electronic postcards”. However, before these networks can work seamlessly together, they must use a common protocol, or set of rules for transmitting and receiving these packets of data. There are several protocols currently in use, including the OSI Model, the TCP/IP Model, UDP, HTTP, and FDP (Mitchell, 2014), but the most commonly used is Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (Gilmer, 2011). Even as early as 1977, TCP/IP was being used by other networks to link to ARPANET (Kozierok,

TCP/IP is a protocol which transfers data across a network. It allows two different computers to communicate well even if they use different codes. Putting both computers into a new common code language which both computers

In the previous section I presented an overview of current adoption of IPv6, described its main features, and detailed the new address protocol header format.

name that other computers use to identify one another in a network. Internet protocol is

You will discover different network topologies and different types of networks: LANs, WANs, and internetworks (internets). The concept of switching is discussed to show how small networks can be combined to create larger ones. You will learn about the Internet: its early history, the birth of the Internet, and the issues related to the Internet today. This module covers standards and standards organizations.

The internet layer is built up of four core protocols: IP, IGMP, ICMP and ARP. Internet protocol (IP) is responsible for routing, IP addressing and breakdown/reassembly of data packets, address resolution protocol (ARP) is responsible for mapping an IP address to a device on the local network, internet control message protocol (ICMP) provides diagnostic information and error reports on lost packets, internet group management protocol (IGMP) controls who receives IP datagrams in a single transmission. The transport layer is built up of two core protocols: TCP and UDP. Transmission control protocol (TCP) sequences and acknowledges packets sent and their recovery when lost in transmission allowing the computer to make and maintain network conversations where applications exchange data, defined as a connection-oriented protocol meaning the connection is maintained until the programs has finished exchanging data. User datagram protocol (UDP) This is used to transfer small amounts of data when the use of error correction isn’t needed increasing the speed of the transmission, common in multi-player video games as the user will not need to receive packets of past events in the game so the error correction featured in (TCP) would be

The Internet is, quite literally, a network of networks. It is comprised of ten thousands of interconnected networks spanning the globe. The computers that form the Internet range from huge mainframes in research establishments to modest PCs in people's homes and offices. Despite the recent hype, the Internet is not a new phenomenon. Its roots lie in a collection of computers that were linked together in the 1970s to form the US Department of Defense's communications systems. Fearing the consequences of nuclear attack, there was no central computer holding vast amounts of data, rather the information was dispersed across thousands of machines. A set of rules, of protocols, known as TCP/IP was

There are two types of Internet Protocol (IP) traffic, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Some of the features that UDP possesses that are not provided by TCP/IP. First, UDP is a connectionless protocol (No handshake), which means packets sent from one node to another without making sure whether any packet may be lost during the transfer. TCP, on the other hand, makes sure to establish a connection in order to send the packets from one node to another without losing any packets. It is also known as handshake process, where nodes synchronize (SYN),

The TCP/IP protocols are the heart and soul of the Internet, and they describe the fundamental rules that govern all communications in the network. The original address system of the Internet is Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) developed IPv6 to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. However, IPv6 is not foreseen to supplant IPv4 instantaneously.

The internet matured in the 1970's as a result of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), which is sill used today. It was adopted by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1980, and universally adopted in 1983. The usage of TCP/IP is what unites all elements of the net. Both public domain and commercial implementations of the roughly one hundred protocols of the TCP/IP protocol suite became available in the 1980's. During the early 1990's, Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocol implementations also became available by the end of 1991, the Internet has grown to include some 5,000 networks in over three dozen countries, serving over 700,000 host computers used be over 4,000,000 people. By December 1996, about 627,000 Internet domain names had been registered and now there are more than 30 million registered.

What is IPv4? IPv4 is a 32-bit address used for communication between nodes using the TCP/IP protocol. The IPv4 address is broken into 4 octets each 8 bits long in binary and are broken into 5 different classes. Class A addresses start out where the first octet of the IP address ranged from 1-127 where 10 is reserved from private IP addresses. Class B addresses start out with 128 - 191 and has the 172.16.x.x to 172.31.x.x reserved from private IP addresses. Next is class C addresses that range from 192 - 223 in the first octet where 192.168.x.x is reserved from private IP addresses. Class D addresses range from 224 -239 in the first octet and are reserved from multicasting network traffic. Finally we have class E that range from 240 - 255 in the first octet and is reserved for experimental purposes ("IPv4," 2016).

The transition of technology from IPv4 to IPv6 has led to an increased use of the multi-homing techniques. Multi-homing refers to the practice of

During the early stages of IPv6 deployment it was believed that adoption of the new protocol would be quick enough and that IPv6 would have gained widespread adoption before IPv4 ran out. This, however, did not happen which is why transition mechanisms are an even more relevant topic today.

IPv6 stands for Internet Protocol version 6. This protocol has been designed to replace the existing Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). (01033069). For more than twenty years, IPv4 has been widely used in Internet activities around the world. The main reason for the deployment of a new version IP is to increase the address space. IPv6 was designed to take an evolutionary step from IPv4. According to experts in the field of computer network, over the next five to ten years, IPv6 will gradually integrate into the existing IPv4