Bleeding In Red Blood Cells And Platelets

Blood is a bodily fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells within the body. Blood has plasma that lets the different types of blood travel round the body. Plasma contains proteins that have different functions for the blood- clotting, transporting and defence organisms and osmotic organisations. The plasma carries the red blood cell which has a elastic membrane so it can fit through the small capillaries within the body. Red blood cells can be also known as erythrocytes they don’t have a nucleus when they are matured which gives a bigger space for oxygen, although as there is no nuclei the red blood cells can’t divide so they only live for around 120 days. Red blood cells gain their colour from haemoglobin, oxygenated blood which is known as arterial blood which flows through the arteries coming from the heart and

 The blood cell is made in the bone marrow of a bone and then enters a vein and goes toward to superior vena cava. The blood cell joins millions of other blood cells as well as white blood cells and platelets inside of plasma.

Blood, or whole blood, consists of about 55% plasma and 45% formed elements; which include platelets, white blood cells and red blood cells or erythrocytes (Martini et al., 2015). Plasma consists of 90% water and serves to transport minerals throughout the blood, especially clotting platelets to the site of an injury in order to prevent loss of blood (Martini et al., 2015).

Thrombocytopenia means that you have a low number of platelets in your blood. Platelets are tiny cells in the blood. When you bleed, they clump together at the cut or injury to stop the bleeding. This is called blood clotting. Not having enough platelets can cause bleeding problems.

The bleeding occurs following trauma to the tissue this could be an overload of a tissue or even external force. One of the bodies first initial haemodynamic responses to bleeding is vasoconstriction which narrows the blood vessels causing decreased blood velocity, in 2008 (Watson) states that this is due to the release of noradrenaline(norepinephrine); the reaction last lasts only a few seconds to a minute. It is also explained by (Terkeltaub & Ginsberg, 1988) that both lymphatic and blood vessels are plugged to limit any fluid loss and platelet, aggregation is stimulated by the presence of thrombin. Vasoconstriction responds primarily to haemostasis which is a response to prevent blood loss and a platelet plug is formed to support the prevention of excessive

Hemophilia is a rare disorder when blood doesn't clot normally because it is short on sufficient blood-clotting proteins. Deep bleeding inside the body is big concern especially in the knees, ankles and elbows. The internal bleeding caused from this can damage the organs and tissues of the body and may be life threating. When a person without Hemophilia is injured, a system of procedures happens to make the blood turn from liquid to solid to clot the wound and make the blood flow stop. Platelets, which are cells found in the blood, combine together to form a clot at the site of bleeding. The platelets hold an enzyme that causes fibrinogen to change to fibrin which is a solid substance that doesn’t liquefy. The fibrin goes to the area of injury

Hemostasis is the process of blood coagulation. The first thing that happens is the contraction of the smooth muscles in the blood vessel wall. next is the formation of the platelet plug, which become sticky and adhere to the defect to form a temporary plug. Formation of a blood clot then happens. The substance needed for coagulation are normally inactive in the bloodstream. some substances in clotting are ones such as, calcium ion, enzyme precursors, vitamin k, fibrinogen, calcium. After these substances are obtained then the final steps begin. First substance released from the damaged tissue and sticky platelets initiate a reaction that leads to the formation of prothrombinase. Next the prothrombinase converts prothrombin in the blood to

There is no fixed platelet count threshold in ICU patients that signals platelet transfusion (93), but because of hemorrhage fear there is a widespread notion that the platelet count should be maintained over 100X109/L in massive bleeding or when bleeding occurs at dangerous sites such as in intracranial hemorrhage (94).

Thrombin is a naturally occurring protein that is present in the blood of humans and animals. The main function of thrombin is as an intermediate step during hemostasis, which slows bleeding by forming blood clots. Thrombin acts as an enzyme during an injury, converting fibrinogen to fibrin, which then causes blood clots to form. Due to its properties, thrombin’s application to the medical field includes topical surgery in the case of minor injuries as well as various other medical procedures such as neurosurgical operations. Apart from applications in the medical field, thrombin also plays significant roles by directly interacting with endothelial cells throughout the body.

Blood, it flows through every human’s circulatory system, and carries with it the essential ability to clot, or become thicker, which prevents excessive bleeding for a laceration. This clotting is caused by proteins in the blood, specifically the proteins known as coagulation factor VIII and coagulation factor IX, which work with tiny particles called platelets to form the clot. However, in a rare genetic disorder known as Hemophilia, these clotting proteins are either missing from the blood or found in lower does than in the blood of the average human. This causes the patient’s blood not congeal properly when a laceration occurs, which can put the patient at risk of exsanguination, or death by loss of blood.

Generally, in a condition where there is an injury with a lesion or cut with bleeding, the blood normally clots in a few seconds. This process where the flow of the blood is blocked by clots by forming a plugs at the sight of any cut or lesion is known as Coagulation.It a very important part of Hemostasis-that is stopping the loss of blood from the blood vessels that are damaged.

These cells are only used when a vein or artery is broken and the organisms starts to bleed. The platelets cause the cells in blood to bind together and form long fibrin chains which will eventually form a clot that will stop the organism from bleeding to death. Some negative effects can occur for example where a clot forms in an unbroken artery which could then pass through the head or heart which can cause a stroke or heart attack (Shjerwood et al., 2014). Other diseases will not let a clot form when an organism is bleeding, thus a very small cut can cause an organism to eventually bleed to death (Campbell et al., 2008). Some parasites and predators have an anticoagulant in their salvia that stops blood from clotting so that they can feed off the host such as leeches or let it die like in komodo dragons (Schmidt et al.,

The blood is a very important fluid of our body that has many different ways that keep us healthy. It transports important nutrients and oxygen to our cells and acts in the process of removing wastes and carbon dioxide from the body.(“American Society of Hematology”. n.d.) Also, this specialized fluid helps in defending the body by forming blood clots as a result of a wounded blood vessel and carrying various cells that are crucial to our health. An average human body’s weight is made of seven to eight percent blood.(“American Society of Hematology”. n.d.) The blood is made of different components that perform different actions. It is made of 55 percent plasma and 45 percent cells. (“American Society of Hematology”. n.d.) The blood is liquidy due to the presence of plasma. It is composed of water, proteins, fats, and salts. The plasma is crucial in transporting the blood cells and bring waste products to be removed from the body to the kidney and liver. (“American Society of Hematology”. n.d.) The blood cells are main components of the blood and have distinct purposes. Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, are the

Coagulation is a process where there is a blood clot formation at the site of an injured blood vessel. Once there has been an injury to the blood vessel wall, vasoconstriction immediately occurs, and then we get primary haemostasis. Platelet activation occurs in this process and they adhere to the subendothelial complex. There is a formation of fibrin in this process and this leads to a haemostatic plug being formed at the site of injury. Secondary haemostasis also occurs simultaneously with primary haemostasis. In this process, tissue factors are involved in the initiation of the coagulation cascade. The end result of the coagulation cascade is the activation of thrombin. Thrombin is an important enzyme in haemostasis as it is needed for the conversion of fibrinogen to an insoluble fibrin monomer to form the matrix of the clot and also it is important for further platelet activation. (Khan and Dickerman, 2006; Hoffman, 2003; Clemetson, 2012; Arnout et al., 2006; Hawiger, 1987; Green, 2006)

The membrane of the red blood cell plays many roles that aid in regulating their surface deformability, flexibility, adhesion to other cells and immune recognition. These functions are highly dependent on its composition, which defines its properties. The red blood cell membrane is composed of 3 layers: the glycocalyx on the exterior, which is rich in carbohydrates; the lipid bilayer which contains many transmembrane proteins, besides its lipidic main constituents; and the membrane skeleton, a structural network of proteins located on the inner surface of the lipid bilayer. In human erythrocytes, like in most mammal erythrocytes, half of the membrane mass is represented by proteins and the other half are lipids, namely phospholipids and cholesterol.[29]