Body Injury

Pustules with surrounding edema and erythema are produced as a result of increased permeability of local blood vessels and the subsequent infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages. Cell-mediated immune response is a prerequisite for lesion

The inflammatory phase starts at the time of injury with the formation of a blood clot and the migration of phagocytic white blood cells into the wound site. The first cells to arrive, the neutrophils, ingest and remove bacteria and cellular debris. After twenty four hours, the neutrophils are joined by macrophages that continue to ingest cellular debris and play an important role in the production of growth factors for the proliferative phase (Porth, 2011).

The four cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, pain, swelling, and heat or hot to the touch (College, 2013). These relate to the changes in the blood vessels at the site of inflammation in different ways. Redness in the area becomes a sign due to the increase of blood flow within the area (College, 2013). Pain in the area is a cardinal sign because vessels vasodilate by relaxing the smooth vascular muscle via prostaglandins (College, 2013). Swelling is a cardinal indicator of inflammation due to the inflammatory mediator histamine increases the area of permeability in the surrounding capillaries causing plasma to seep out of the area causing fluid buildup such as swelling (College, 2013). Heat or an area being hot to the touch is also

This journal article was over how our bodies protect us from the internal and external environments. The host has three main “fences” that help with that protection, the skin, the gastrointestinal tract, and the respiratory tract. We are really interesting subjects, the internal and external surfaces of our bodies are constantly being introduced to new bacteria, microbes, and pathogens and yet we do not get sick. The barriers or fences protect us and are crucial for our immune response. There is still much not understood about the immune system but we do know with certainty that when a child is born he or she acquires around two thousand different species of bacteria that really help to get the child immune system started and running. The researchers also know that there is four dominate groups of bacteria phyla’s in the “intestinal niche”, Firmicutes, bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and proteobacteria. We are able to have our normal bacteria’s in and on us because our immune system has learned to co-exist with its symbiotic species. As one may wonder or even certainly expect, competition does occur between the host symbiotic organisms and potentially harmful bacterial cells. They compete mainly for nutrients but also for space, some microbes even engage in “chemical warfare” and possibly even killing its rivalry. Inflammatory disorders can possibly arise from the internal and superficial wars going on, that is why the immune system is constantly being monitored for comprises

“Inflammation is a localized tissue response to injury. Inflammation produces local redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), heat (color), and pain (dolor). These are known as cardinal signs and symptoms of the inflammation. Sometimes a fifth is included: lost function (function laesa) (Martini, 2015, p. 801). The normal physiology of inflammation is its “response to a defense mechanism that evolved in higher organisms to protect them from infection and injury. Its purpose is to localize and eliminate the injurious agent and to remove damaged tissue components so that the body can begin to heal” (“Inflammation”, 2017, para.1). Inflammation is indicative of injury and maybe even possible disease. The anatomy of inflammation is a “change in blood

The inflammation process begins by a response to any agent that causes cell injury or bacteria response. This could either be physical, chemical or microbiologic. Physical response is can either by to heat or cold. Concentrated acid or alkali are some examples of chemical response. Some examples of microbiologic response is bacterium or virus. After the inflammation response begins, the capillaries begin to dilate. The blood vessels begin to expand, which increases the blood flow. This causes the skin to increase in temperature and redness. Because of the dilation, the capillary permeability, a condition of the capillary wall structure that allows blood elements and waste products to pass through the capillary wall to tissue spaces, increases. The leakage of plasma causes the skin or affected area to begin to swell. White blood cells, leukocytes, begin to migrate to the site of injury. Polymorphonuclear is the most important cell. At this point in the inflammation process, the systemic response begins. This is a set of physiologic actions that fight the infection and heal wounds. Exudates are fluids and cells that filled the tissue space during inflammation. There are many different types of exudate: serous, purulent, fibrinous, hemorrhagic based, and purulent exudate. The last part of the inflammation process is the outcome. This depends on how

Inflammation is the immune system’s response to infection and injury and has been implicated in the pathogeneses of arthritis, cancer and stroke, as well as in neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disease. It is an intrinsically beneficial event that leads to removal of offending factors and restoration of tissue structure and physiological function.

Inflammation spreads through all the tissue layers of the intestinal wall. It then kills the cells that usually line the area and causes lesions and ulcers to form.

When the stressor is some organism or substance foreign to the body, the adaptive process can take two forms, according to whether the pathogen caused the problem directly or indirectly. Direct pathogens cause disease irrespective of our body’s reaction, whereas indirect pathogens can produce damages through the exaggerated and purposelessness defensive responses they provoke. For example, if a patient were to be in an accident where a strong acid, alkali or boiling water was spilt on his hand, damage will occur irrespective of his reactions. Because all of these are direct pathogens, they would still produce damage and effect the body of a deceased man who obviously cannot mount any vital defense reactions. However, most common inflammatory agents, such as allergies, are categorized under indirect pathogens, which are not directly responsible for the disease, but damage only be stimulating a harmful fight against what is

The way the body responds when it encounters foreign particles of bacterial pathogens is by it having some cells called phagocytes that will recognize these pathogens, therefore a large number of phagocytes will be sent to the location of where the pathogens were encountered and the defense genes will activate, having proteins go through transcription and translation in order to kill the pathogens in the body.

Athletes in almost every kind of sport put massive amounts of wear and tear on their joints, bones and muscles. If you play soccer, football, basketball, tennis or you cycle or run, you know how your body can ache after a competition or even after a workout. In fact, you can do enough damage to your body that a heating pad or aspirin aren’t enough to help; you may, at some point, have to consult an orthopedic surgeon in Frisco, TX to discuss therapies that go beyond home healing. Which injuries require the help of a doctor?

The first line of defense include structural, mechanical and chemical defenses. Structural defenses that people have are their skin, since the skin it’s dry it doesn’t allow bacteria to survive in the skin. It also doesn’t allow pathogens to enter the body. Mucous membranes also help fight back disease by the cilia grabbing into particles and trying to take out anything when your sneeze. The normal flora is another way we fight pathogens. The bacteria that are in our system push out the pathogens and they can also release acids that some pathogens may not like. Some mechanical ways our body protects include movement of bodily fluids. When we urinate we can flush out bacteria. Other mechanical ways are by our body releasing tears and saliva.

3. Proliferation/Granulation: damaged and destroyed tissue begin to be replaced by new tissue. The wound is pulled closed.

Throughout the day, through contact, ingestion and inhalation, humans are exposed to millions of potential pathogens. However, there are two immunity systems that help us avoid infection, and save us from “certain death by infection.” The two crucial immunity systems are adaptive immunity and innate immunity.

In the normal extrinsic blood coagulation cascade, tissue injury causes expression of tissue factor. Tissue injury also causes exposure of the subendothelial components, which includes Von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and collagen. vWF holds platelets together and is a carrier protein for fVIII in plasma. Tissue factor binds to factor VIIa (fVIIa) to form a complex that cleaves fX into fXa to activate it. Prothrombin is then converted into thrombin by the promthrombinase complex formed from fXa and fVa. Clotting requires both calcium and a phospholipid surface. The intrinsic coagulation cascade and coagulation factors that’re activated increase the amount of clotting there is.