Building Rock Types in Nottingham City Centre

Despite a family history of geophysicists and rock enthusiasts, I’ve never found the subject of rocks particularly fascinating. However, an exploration of Earth Science has lead me to the discovery that rocks are actually hidden gems (often literally), and that there’s more to the topic than one would think.

Next, we can see that the rock displays a subtle porphyritic texture with plagioclase comprising the phenocrysts. The overall texture of the surrounding groundmass is granoblastic equigranular. Under thin section we also see a weakly defined foliation evidenced in the preferential alignment of actinolite grains and to a lesser extent chlorite grains. Undulose extinction is also observed in quartz indicating the rock was subject to deformation. The normalized quartz, alkali-feldspar, and plagioclase (QAP) values of this rock indicate that it is classified as a grano-diorite according to the IUGS QAPF classification system which is consistent with the hand sample interpretation.

In Colorado, we have marble, sandstone, and granite, being metamorphic, sedimentary and igneous rock from left to

In order to identify their textural, mineralogical changes and altered stone surfaces, images of crusts and salt samples were analyzed using (SEM JEOL JSM5500LV). They were coated with gold and a (10 KV) detector of (6587 model) was used.

Some Tuffs are observed to have large isolated crystals within the rock structure called phenocrysts, and therefore classified as having a porphyritic texture. (Scott, 1996). Brisbane Tuff can be of both rhyolitic and porphyritic texture. (Roach,

In the beginning of my life, I was created by the slow crystallization of magma below the Earth’s surface. My rock type can come in different colors including red, pink, gray, or white. I am a gray color with some white and black. I, a granite rock, am the most known type of igneous rock.

The third rock I chose is Gypsum. Gypsum is a flexible rock, but if flexed too much it will break. Gypsum sometimes forms in sandy areas. Gypsum’s chemical formula is CaSO4 * 2H2O, and its composition is Hydrous calcium sulfate. It can be many different colors such as white, gray, brown, orange, pink, yellow, green, or even colorless. Gypsum is very similar to another mineral, Anhydrite (CaSO4). Gypsum is used for manufacture of wallboard, plaster of Paris, cement, and many other uses. There are also some varieties of gypsum known as “satin spar” and ”alabaster” which are used for ornamental purposes.

Marble is made up by the regional metamorphism of dolomite and limestone rock. A lot of pressure applied to the limestone over a very long period of time form marble. High temperature and pressure turns limestone crystal into smaller, finer and harder crystals. Extended duration of metamorphism process grows crystal size larger and becomes easily recognizable interlocking

The mineralogy includes quartz, biotite, muscovite, plagioclase, orthoclase, and small amounts of garnet. The orientations for the intrusions from 4 to 6 are 001/59º SW, 005/28 NW , and 064/79º NW. An eroded contact is found between intrusions 5 and 6. 4 is cross-cutting 5, and 5 is cross-cutting 6. There is another granite pegmatite intrusion in the orthogneiss, annotated as 7 in Figure 2, with an orientation of 166/38 º NE. It has the same composition as the other granites, but includes clasts of

The youngest of the formations, Point Lookout Formation, sits directly over the Mancos Shale, and is composed of tan sandstone and lenses of shale dispersed in it (“Geology of Mesa Verde, n.d.). The retreating of the sea caused this change in deposition from shale to sandstone; this left it with beach deposits rather than deep water ones (“Geology of Mesa Verde, n.d.). After the sea withdrew completely, about 80 million years ago, a flat coastal plain emerged. Here, swamps developed and as organic and plant material decayed, fine-grained shales formed. These dark brown or black shales are called the Menefee Formation, although thin beds of sandstones and coal can also be found here (“Geology of Mesa Verde, n.d.). The oldest formation, Cliff

The shale is a light to medium gray rock. It has slaty cleavages. The shale has a dull luster and is composed mostly of quartz and clay. The grain size is fine with a smooth texture. It has distinctive compositional horizontal bedding of about 2.2cm (light gray) to 12cm (dark gray) in thickness. The bedding is horizontal and parallel to the ground with a thickness of approximately 16cm to 24cm.

7.Put the four metamorphic rocks listed in the table from lowest to highest grade of metamorphism. (2 points)

In ppl, it displays trichroic pleochroism, colorless to a pale blue to blue. It displays visible high relief and elongated habit. In this particular thin section, the kyanite has one very good cleavage and one less perfect at 85°. It displays long, blade-like grains that strike across the thin section. The grains are very angular and low sphericity. In xpl, Kyanite has inclined extinction when the stage is rotated. It has Yellow I interference color, low birefringence (0.14), and low retardation. Getting more in depth into the mineral, place the microscope on the highest power objective, switch in the Bertrand lens. With trial, error, and persistency you can see the optical signs. The optic signs of Kyanite are biaxial (-) with a 2V angle of 83°. Furthermore, kyanite is an aluminum silicate mineral, commonly found in gneiss, schist, pegmatite, and quartz veins. It is easily identifiable in a hand sample not only by its deep blue color, but also because of its elongated, columnar crystals.

There is an old basaltic dyke that intruded along to the sandstone and it continues south. The dark clay colour material is the result of weathering of basalt. This dyke is one of the few dykes over that area, and the formation of the dyke has influenced the rocks through contact

Both the use of the arch and the invention and use of cement are ubiquitous features of Roman buildings which have survived to the modern era. The Roman arch style has been widely copied and adapted, and both this style and the use of cement have been fundamental elements of buildings everywhere ever since.