CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Cancer Disease: The abnormal growth of cells leads cancer. The damaged cell of mass and tissues or lumps which become harmful. The lump or masses of tissue is known as tumors. The uncontrolled growth of tissue affects human body functions. The Digestive, circulatory and nervous system get affected badly due to tumors. [12] Internal and external factors are activated due to cancer. Hormonal issues, mutation inheritance and body resistances comes under internal factors where as Consumption of tobacco, external radiation and chemicals ingesting comes under external factors which leads to cancer. Figure 1.1(a): Year wise Incident cases and predicted cases of cancer [20]
Figure 1.1(a) represents India’s year wise incident cases of cancer from year 2004 to till now and then predicated cases of cancer till now. It is clear from figure that cancer disease increasing rapidly in India in male and female both categories [20].
1.2 Skin Cancer
Skin cancer caused due to uncontrolled abnormal growth of skin cells. There is rapid multiplication of skin cells due to unrepaired DNA. The unrepaired DNA damages the skin cell in form of mutation or genetic defects and form malignant tumors.
Fig 1.1(b) skin cancer
UVR (Ultra violet rays) is the major cause for skin cancer, due to sunlight and artificial source like sun beds. Most exposure to UVR comes from sunlight, but exposure can also come from artificial sources such as sun beds. Whereas the
The third factor that plays a major role in causing skin cancer is the Ozone layer. It helps protect people from ultraviolet radiation. However, the ozone layer is shrinking and this is due to man-made products like sprays and combustion of cars that are emitted in the atmosphere. This process is allowing more ultraviolet penetration to the earth thus increasing risk of skin cancer (Bair, 1991, P. 367,368). Ultraviolet radiation are the chief causes for skin cancer because the UV radiation
It is called malignant because not only can it invade into adjacent organs but unfortunately a cancer can spread to other tissues and that can be life threatening. Cancer can actually occur anywhere in the body because there are cells everywhere in the body. In women, one of the most common cancers of course is breast cancer, in men prostate cancer and in men and women, lung cancer and colon cancer are common cancers. It is important to understand that the cancer that occurs in one individual is very different from the cancer that occurs in another. Everyone is different; a lung tumor in one person will be different from a lung tumor in another person. Once a diagnosis of cancer is made, the next obvious question is what do you do? There are several things that are really relevant, for example, the stage of the cancer which is information about where is the cancer? You say it’s a particular kind of cancer? How much cancer is present? Has is spread? Is it in lymph nodes? Has it spread to other organs of the body? Cancer affects everyone in one way or another. Whether it is a family member, loved one or ourselves, cancer has touched our lives.
Cancer occurs when cells in the human body create irregularities and start to duplicate at anomalous quick rates. The outcome is the development of tumors in or on the surface of the body and organs. Tumors might be generous (not destructive) or threatening (harmful). Since ordinary cell improvement and duplication is a moderate procedure which is well controlled, it is evident when cells duplicate so rapidly.
Cancer is a very general term that can refer to many different diseases. The different major classifications of cancer are Carcinoma, Leukemia, Myeloma, Lymphoma, and Sarcoma. Carcinoma is a cancer of the external or internal linings of the body such as epithelial tissue. Leukemia is a cancer of the bone marrow. This is also known as blood cancer, because bone marrow is the site where blood cells are produced. Myeloma is a cancer found specifically in the plasma cells of bone marrow. Lymphoma is a cancer that develops in the lymphatic system. The cancer appears in the nodes, glands,
Cancer is the leading cause of death in economically developed countries and the second leading cause of death in developing countries. Based on the GLOBOCAN 2008 estimates, about 12.7 million cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths are estimated to have occurred in 2008. The leading cause of cancer mortality in females is breast cancer, accounting for 23% followed by lung cancer and cervical cancer accounting for 11% respectively. Furthermore, estimates show that, the leading cause of cancer mortality in males is lung cancer accounting for 17% of the total new cancer cases and 23% in total cancer deaths. [2].
It is estimated that one out of every five Americans will develop skin cancer in their lifetime. People in the U.S. are diagnosed with skin cancer every day. Women are at higher risk of developing skin cancer than men, due to their recreational activities in the sun and over exposure to tanning beds. Doctors believe if preventive measure are taken, this can prevent some skin cancers from developing. Things like seeking shaded, especially between 10 AM and 4 PM, avoid tanning and UV tanning beds, Cover up with clothing, wear a trimmed hat, and UV-blocking sunglasses will greatly reduce chases of developing skin
Common features among all types of cancer are metastasis, redirecting blood flow, unregulated cell proliferation, genomic instability and hiding from the immune system. The most dangerous aspect of cancer is that the disease can turn metastatic. 90% of cancer deaths come from metastasis (13). Metastasis is when somatic cells of the body have mutations in the genes that control cell placement. For example, if someone develops lung cancer, several cells in the tumor may leave the lung because the regulatory proteins that keep cells in place are no longer being made. This cluster of cells can travel to any part of the body and start to make tumors there. This is why someone can have lung cancer, but have tumors in their brain. In addition, tumors redirect blood flow so the cancerous cell population can stay alive. Furthermore, unregulated cell proliferation is when cancer cells divide despite signals to stop, and this is what causes tumors. Additionally, genomic instability is when your genes are in the wrong order in your genome. Your genome is all of your genes put together. If you think of a gene as an instruction to build a car part, the genome is the instruction manual to build the car. In cancer, cells have faulty instructions for cell
This rapid cell growth is caused by a mutation in the DNA. The two most common genes that risk the chance of cancer are the p53 gene and the BRCA1 gene. The p53 gene is also known as “the guardian of the genome.” The function includes the ability to control cell cycles. This gene is mutated in more than half of cancers in humans. The Breast Cancer Gene, or BRCA1 is normally supposed to suppress tumor functions, but when this backfires, a tumor can begin to form.
Cancer is a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells. In a cancerous cell cycle, the cell ignores the signals that tell them to stop, and it just keeps dividing. Normal cells stop dividing when your body do not need anything else, but cancer cells just continue to go through cell cycle to make more copies. Also, cancer cells do not need anything to stimulated their growth, and it can spread to other parts of the body. The most common causes of cancer are tobacco, alcohol, overweight, obesity, dietary factors, physical inactivity, chronic infections, radiation, sun and UV exposure. The most common types of cancer are lung (158,080 deaths per year), liver (27,170 deaths per year), stomach (10,730 deaths per year),colorectal
There are plenty of causes to cancer the website that had very credible information (http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Cancer.aspx) was from a doctor. Also some cancer causing agents:
Cancer is a topic that has been discussed thoroughly due to the burden that it has on the affected. It has also been researched early on. According to Dr. George Demetri, director at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, cancer violently spreads and attacks organs in the body, which leads to health complications (PBS 1). The world’s understanding of cancer has evolved, but there are still questions that no one has the answer to. Aktipis notes that cancer cells are able to spread to other organs and withstand treatment (Aktipis 2). In other words,the effectiveness of treatment can not be guaranteed due to the the fast pace of spreading. The study of oncology, another term for cancer, started in the eighteenth century and has grown
First, one of the most critical factors that lead to skin cancer is ultraviolet light exposure (UV). [The ultraviolet light damages the DNA of skin cells which affect the control of cells growth. Sunlight, tanning beds are examples for sources of UV rays that cause skin cancer. Second, family history for skin cancer is considered as one of the risk factors. If some of the relative from first-degree has had skin cancer, the risk will be greater.
There are two main types of cancers, and one subtype that are not necessarily caused by prolonged sun exposure and/or UV radiation. These are basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC), and actinic keratosis. There are also very rare cancers such as sarcomas, cutaneous lymphomas, and Merkel cell
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. It is the second leading cause of death in the United States (US) being responsible for approximately 23% of all deaths, with half of all men and one-third of all women developing some form of cancer during their lifetime(1) . Cancer is the third most common cause of death in Saudi Arabia.(2) Between January 1st and December 31, 2010, 13,706 patients with cancer were reported to the Saudi Cancer Registry. Overall women were more often affected than men, with 6,579 (48%) males and 7,127 (52%) females affected, giving a male to female ratio of 92:100. The overall age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) for all Saudis with a world standard population reference was 84/100,000 (76.7/100,000 in males and 91.2/100,000 in females)(3).
Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with approximately 14 million new cases in 2012.2 The amount of new cases is expected to rise by about 70% over the next 2 decades. Cancer which causes nearly 1 in 6 deaths, is the second leading cause of death globally, and was responsible for 8.8 million deaths in 2015. Approximately 70% of deaths from cancer occur in low- and middle-income countries. In 2012 about 14.1 million new cases of cancer occurred globally (not including skin cancer other than melanoma).3 The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and stomach cancer.