Case Study Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology

Only 5 % of the cases present clinical hyperthyroidism (6,7). Only one case of thyrotoxicosis resulting from peritoneal strumosis has been reported (8). On gross examination struma ovarii appears as pink, brown, fleshy and spongy tissue while microscopic examination reveals mature thyroid follicles in most of the cases but thyroid tissue may contain elements of papillary, follicular, serous, mucinous cystadenoma (9), brenner, carcinoid and melanoma tumors. Birefringent calcium monohydrate crystals. (9) Immunohistochemical staining for thyroglobulin, T3 and T4 can confirm the

Dr. Hakaru Hashimoto identified four patients with similar characteristics such as: “diffuse lymphocytic infiltration, fibrosis, parenchymal atrophy, and eosinophilic change in some of the acinar cells.” Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis often presents a painless yet enlarged thyroid gland, called a goiter. Hashimoto’s disease was often misdiagnosed and often found by either surgery or a thyroidectomy, according to Syrenicz, Anhelli (2013)

Deborah Hollowood alleges her mother Shirley Emo was seen by Dr. Hastings on three occasions complaining of a sore raised lesion on her scalp. Dr. Hastings treated the area by freezing it to make the lesion fall off. It was not until over a year later, when her mother told her about the lesion and treatments Ms. Hollowood asked for a biopsy. The biopsy results showed invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Ms. Emo was immediately referred to a plastic surgeon for treatment, and underwent 20 radiation treatments as well.

The bronchoscopy with EBUS showed that the 4.4cm lesion was a cyst and as such, it looks like we are looking at a mediastinal cyst. The question is how old it is. Lysbet is uncertain whether or not she had a CT scan of her chest prior to her thyroidectomy but she will check with you to see whether or not she has had any scans either before or after that as it may be a consequence of the surgery. Given that is a new finding that could be

Most are common only around 5% coming to be cancerous. Most times when a person has a thyroid nodule they have no symptoms. If the nodule is causing your glands to make too many hormones it can cause what is called hyperthyroidism. Symptoms of this include palpitations, rapid heart rate, anxiety, restlessness and an increased appetite. If your doctor suspects thyroid nodules they will do tests such as an ultrasound or a thyroid scan. A good example of a procedure done by an endocrinologist is an LHRH test. This test is done to see how your pituitary gland is working when it comes to regulating sex hormone production. The night of this procedure you are to not eat or drink anything. When you go in, you will be made comfortable and have a small needle inserted into a vein in your hand or arm. This is just to get a blood sample and is not to stay. Whoever is taking the blood will use a needle such as a ventflon to make drawing the blood sample easy with little to no discomfort. The blood is then checked for hormones LH and LSH then you get an injection to make the levels of those hormones rise. You will have blood drawn twice. Once each after 30

Follicular tumors, on the other hand, grow only on one side of the gland. These tumors develop in the hormone-producing cells and account for 30% - 50% of all thyroid cancers (Thackery 1057). Medullary thyroid tumors account for 5% - 7% of all thyroid cancers, and are usually uncommon. Like papillary tumors, they grow on one or both sides of the gland. Anaplastic tumors, though extremely rare, develop on either side of the thyroid gland and spread rapidly to other parts of the body. It account for only 2% of all thyroid cancers but is the fastest growing, and most aggressive thyroid cancer type (Thackery 1057).

What is thyroid cancer, and is it dangerous? To answer this one must first know the function of the thyroid. A thyroid is a gland at the front of the neck right under the sound box, which secretes hormones that affect heart rate, body temperature and weight. It also makes calcitonin, which keeps a healthy level of calcium in the body. Thyroids are made up of tissue, when the cells that make up the tissue of the thyroid gland start to form unnecessarily, and cells that are damaged are not killed, tumors called nodules form on the thyroid thus resulting in cancer. Around 45,000 women and 15,000 men were diagnosed with thyroid cancer in 2013 alone, most of whom were above the age of 45. However getting thyroid cancer is not the worst thing in the world as it is treatable but there should still be more investment and research put into this disease so that less risky methods of taking out the cancer can be found.

If the gland appears to be enlarged, the physician may order further tests to diagnose or rule out cancer. These tests include: a CT scan or ultrasonography. The ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves that are emitted and received by a transducer that is passed over the neck region. The sound waves penetrate the body, and by electronic readings, the sound waves are arranged on a computer screen into a picture image of the thyroid gland and any tumors (Thackery 1058). Another test used is the thyroid scan. A patient is given radioactive iodine to drink. After the iodine has been absorbed by the thyroid, the patient must lie on his or her back with the neck region positioned under a scanner. The information received by the scanner is then sent to a computer that displays a 2-dimensional image of the thyroid used to identify areas in the thyroid that do not absorb iodine normally (Surks 165). The most accurate diagnostic tool for thyroid cancer is biopsy. The test is done in a hospital operating room under a general anesthesia. A sedative is usually given by an injection about one hour before the procedure. A small incision is made in the neck, and either side of the thyroid or the entire lump is removed. The sample is sent to a laboratory to be examined. If thyroid cancer is detected, the thyroid is removed (Shin 420).

There are usually no symptoms or signs of CIN, and the diagnosis is most often based on biopsy findings following an abnormal routine cervical cytology smear. Because high-grade dysplasia probably is a transitional phase in the pathogenesis of many cervical cancers, early detection is extremely important. Based on the American Cancer Society guidelines, which were last revised in 2002, all women who have reached age 21 years, or who are 3 years past coitarche, should have a pelvic examination and collection of a cytologic smear. The cervical cytology smear should be performed annually in case of conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) smears, and biannually if using liquid-based cytology. Once a patient is age 30 years or older and has had 3 consecutive

I believe they should hand out free needles. We would first need to see what the demand for needles are. If the sterile needles are high in demand the better chance it increases the quantity and will not decrease in price. As sterile needles quantity increases, diseases like HIV/AIDS will likely lower. The demands for drugs are different. As drugs and sterile needles are complements, sterile needles prices will fall while the drug demand will increase. This indicates that the cross-price elasticity of demand of drugs and sterile needles will be negative. The cross-price elasticity of demand will be closer to zero for drug and sterile needles. Then the demand for drugs of sterile needles will be less and priced at a low rate. This means that

Thyroid nodules are lumps in the thyroid often called adenomas. These adenomas are quite common affecting around seven percent our countries population. These lumps on the thyroid can become very active and thus produce a large amount of thyroid hormone. In some cases hyperthyroidism is brought on by consuming too much medication that treats an underactive thyroid.

At this time, it is not clear how much diagnostic radiation is contributing to the increase in thyroid cancer cases. It is possible that the increase in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer can be attributed to a greater rate of detection by use of ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration3. The thyroid tissue itself is among the tissues that are less sensitive to radiation, however, thyroid cancer is still such a concern because the thyroid is so superficial in the body1 (77). “Even doses as small as 50–100 mGy have been associated with an increased risk of thyroid malignancy in children, with a

The diagnosis of primary thymic carcinoma depends of exclusion of other sites clinically, especially kidney and lung, but also pancreas, thyroid, larynx and salivary gland.

Cystoscopy is a procedure that is used to help diagnose and sometimes treat conditions that affect that lower urinary tract. The lower urinary tract includes the bladder and the tube that drains urine from the bladder out of the body (urethra). Cystoscopy is performed with a thin, tube-shaped instrument with a light and camera at the end (cystoscope). The cystoscope may be hard (rigid) or flexible, depending on the goal of the procedure. The cystoscope is inserted through the urethra, into the bladder.

Toxic nodular goiters are nodules that secrete thyroid hormones independent of TSH stimulation. They are usually benign follicular adenomas. Nodules larger than about 3 cm can cause a thyrotoxic crisis, also known as thyroid storm. This is a life threatening emergency; death is rare if treatment is initiated early and vigorously.