Essay On Hypovolemic Shock

Hypovolemic shock is an urgent condition of rapid reduction of circulatory volume in the body, which can be created due to blood or plasma or body fluids loss (Kettley & Marsh, 2016, p. 31; Perner & Backer, 2014, p. 613). Blood loss can be induced by internal or external injuries, excessive perspiration or diuretics (Craft & et al, 2015, p. 852). Maureen Hardy’s hypovolemia has been precipitated by hematemesis.

The characteristic beginning signs of HF include inadequate tissue perfusion and signs of volume overload. Inadequate blood flow to tissues can be evident by fatigue, shortness of breath, and exercise intolerance. Volume overload is evident by peripheral and pulmonary edema (fluid collection in the limbs and on the lungs) and venous distention (due to blood pooling in circulation from back flow in the heart) (Lehne, 2010).

Through the kidneys in the form of urine, evaporation in the lungs, by diffusion and perspiration in the skin, and through intestines in the form of feces.21. What conditions occur when blood pH rise and fall below 7.4? Acidemia22. Very slow shallow breathing can lead to a condition called _bradypnea___________?23. Breathing too rapidly can cause __Tachypnea_____________________.24. Excessive vomiting can lead to ___dehydration_____________.25. Prolonged diarrhea can cause ___abnormal high fluid loss in the body __________.26. What are some important factors in maintaining electrolyte balance? Consume adequate amounts of water daily, eat potassium rich foods like bananas, consume sports drinks when working out since they generally contain electrolytes, and have a balanced diet.27. Unless otherwise directed, take all medication with ___water____________ on an empty stomach to maintain the full rate of absorption.28. A patient comes in with all the signs of jaundice. You order a urine test. What elevated components are expected to be discovered from the urine test. Higher levels of urobilinogen.29. What percentage intracellular fluid does the human body contain? 62.5%30. A pint of donated blood decreases

This would be a high priority problem that would need immediate care. Blood affects the cardiac function therefore classifying this as a life threatening

Shock is described as life threatening medical emergency resulting from insufficient blood flow through the body (Huether & Mccance, 2012) There are five types of medical shock. These include septic shock, anaphylactic shock, cardiogenic shock, hypovolemic shock, and neurogenic shock (Huether & Mccance, 2012).

Shock is a life-threatening condition with a variety of underlying causes. Shock is caused when the cells have a lack of adequate blood supply and are deprived of oxygen and nutrients. In cases of shock, blood is shunted from peripheral areas of the body to the vital organs. Hemorrhage and decreased blood volume are associated with some, but not all, types of shock.

The anemia of acute blood loss could be described as which one of the following?

George washington died December 14, 1799 (aged 67) Mount Vernon, Virginia, U.S A. research say that epiglottitis and hypovolemic shock. George Washington was buried washington Family Tomb, Mount Vernon Virginia U.S.

blood is accelerated by the heart toward the head along the ascending aorta. In response, the patient's body recoils

hypertension. Therapeutic hypothermia (THT) has been considered an effective method for reducing ischemic injury of the brain due to cardiac arrest. But there are some opponents in the medical community who believe that broadening the scope of THT could be dangerous to patients. Although opponents do not seem to blame THT for adverse patient outcomes; the disagreement seems to be about the variables involved before hospital arrival, amount of time that it takes to administer THT in the ER, which therapies should be administered with THT and the need for more research that tracks adverse events. A study published by The American Journal of Emergency Medicine supports the widely held view that THT is an effective treatment for cardiac arrest

This scenario helped me understand the pathophysiologic process of pneumonia and decompensated shock and how they could possibly manifest in children. Since in our first simulation of the semester we learned different methods of assisting a patient in improving his/her breathing status I was better able to intervene and know what to do to improve our patient’s breathing status. However, I have never been exposed to a patient undergoing decompensated shock. Therefore, this time I was able to learn what to do in case a situation as such arises in the future on a real patient. Shock can be due to several reasons such as bleeding or severe dehydration. However, it was apparent in this case that the patient was not externally bleeding, but she was

The unresolved infection has landed the patient on septic shock. Sepsis is the body’s response to inflammation of a particular or unknown infection. The presence of hypotension despite adequate fluid infusion and inadequate tissue perfusion is the result of septic shock. The treatment of shock is centered on the restoration of blood pressure to normal, the presence of adequate tissue perfusion, making sure organs return to functioning well, and avoiding further complications (Lewis, Dirksen, Heitkemper, Bucher, & Harding,

55). According to Wen-Chih et al. (2010, p.11), ageing patients are susceptible to blood loss since they have limited physiological replacement. Thus, considering the age and the surgical procedure the patient is at high risk of hypovolemia. If the loss of blood progresses and the body is unable to compensate, the patient will be at risk for hypovolemic shock (D’Angelo, M., Dutton, R., 2009, p. 279). Hypovolemic shock means deficit in flowing blood causing to ineffectively filing the intravascular space. Mamaril, M., Child, S., & Sortman, S., 2007, p. 191. Kolecki, P., & Menckhoff, C. (2014) emphasizes that there are four (4) classification of hypovolemic shock. Class 1 is when there is 0-15% of blood loss with only slight change in heart rate. If the patient heart rate becomes more than 100 beats per minute and they experience tachypnoea and has cool clammy skin, the patient is in the class 2 of hypovolemic shock. Class 3 and 4 is when the patient will manifest the severe sympathetic response of the body due to the inability of compensate with the blood loss. Thus, considering the age and the surgical procedure the patient is at high risk of hypovolemia or even the more severe

The first test, which may be performed, is referred to as autonomic reflex screening. The screening is composed of three test which ultimately examine the patients blood pressure and heart rate fluctuation in response to the valsalva maneuver. Another test that may be used is referred to as the thermoregulatory sweat tests. The particular pattern an individual sweats can be indicative of a possible neuropathy. Neuropathy is then suggestive that a lesion is present in the nerve causing a fault in the circuitry responsible for maintaining the bodies postural blood pressure.2,16 The last test may be performed to determine the cause of the orthostatic hypotension is a 24 hour urine sodium. This test can be explained by the basic principle of osmosis. Water will always follow in the direction of the sodium or salt. Thus, if the urine sodium is elevated, the kidneys are excreting sodium, as well as, water. If the kidneys are excreting large amounts of water, the plasma volume will be low, contributing to the occurrence of orthostatic hypotension.2,17 A urine excretion of sodium ~17\0 mmol/24 hours is indicative of a normal plasma volume. Using these three screening tests the provider should be able to determine if the cause of the orthostatic hypotension is neurologically related, due to hypovolemia or venous

If a patient experiences fever after or during having a blood transfusion, it could be caused by the blood transfusion itself or the patient has an illness, which is causing the fever. It is not uncommon for a patient undergoing a blood transfusion to experience a fever due to febrile non-hemolytic reaction (FNHTR) caused by the effect of many different pathogens. Patients whose antibodies react with a donor’s white blood cells present febrile non-hemolytic reactions as well. This is not an uncommon medical situation and has been studied for a long time already. Some scientific studies have shown that certain type of thalassemic patients often get a fever when they get a blood transfusion due to their antibodies working against HLA. As the donor’s white blood cells are destroyed, cytokines are released causing inflammation. Other scientific studies have also shown that these cytokines, once they enter the circulatory system, have the potential to cause a fever. Fever and hypotension can also be caused by the bacterial contamination of the unit used to carry out the blood transfusion. In severe lung injuries, respiratory symptoms often mask the presence of a fever, which is very common during these cases.