Hypovolemia Case Studies

Hypovolemic shock is an urgent condition of rapid reduction of circulatory volume in the body, which can be created due to blood or plasma or body fluids loss (Kettley & Marsh, 2016, p. 31; Perner & Backer, 2014, p. 613). Blood loss can be induced by internal or external injuries, excessive perspiration or diuretics (Craft & et al, 2015, p. 852). Maureen Hardy’s hypovolemia has been precipitated by hematemesis.

Neira JA. Post-Resuscitation Care: Induced Hypothermia to Whom, How, and When? World Congress of Cardiology, 2008. Web. 4 June

hypertension. Therapeutic hypothermia (THT) has been considered an effective method for reducing ischemic injury of the brain due to cardiac arrest. But there are some opponents in the medical community who believe that broadening the scope of THT could be dangerous to patients. Although opponents do not seem to blame THT for adverse patient outcomes; the disagreement seems to be about the variables involved before hospital arrival, amount of time that it takes to administer THT in the ER, which therapies should be administered with THT and the need for more research that tracks adverse events. A study published by The American Journal of Emergency Medicine supports the widely held view that THT is an effective treatment for cardiac arrest

Shock is a collapse of Circulatory function caused by severe injury, blood loss, or disease, and characterized by pallor sweating, weak pulse, and very low blood pressure .There are three basic types of shock. Cardiogenic Shock [includes tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponede and pulmonary embolism] which is caused by the heart failing to pump as designed. Distributive shock [includes septic shock, neurogenic shock, anaphylactic shock and psychogenic shock] which is caused by poor vessel function. Lastly we have hypovolemic shock [includes hemorrhagic shock and non hemorrhagic shock]. Cardiogenic shock is basically shock that is cardiac in nature. It is also the end off of the road for all other causes of shock. Cardiogenic shock

Hypovolemic shock occurs when there is an overall “loss in circulatory volume”, which means not enough blood is circulating through the body. Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart cannot provide enough blood to maintain the organs of the body. Distributive shock occurs when the volume of blood is at a normal level, however the distribution of the blood is abnormal. Finally, extracardiac

Hypovolemic shock is an emergency state in which one loses a large amount of blood or other body fluid. This can then cause the heart to be incapable of pumping enough blood to the rest of the body. Subsequently this can cause many of the body’s other organs to shut down due to shock. Bleeding as such can happen to a woman while pregnant or shortly after delivery.

which the patient’s health will be significantly affected by the lack of proper blood flow,

The patient is a 78-year-old female who had a recent fall. She fell on the left side. She has a very large left medial thigh hematoma. She continued to feel weak and unable to care for herself at home and presented to the ED. She is known to have hypertension, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, a TIA in 1998 with some minimal left-sided weakness and she has had nephrolithiasis. In the ED she was found that her creatinine has gone from 1.2-1.82. Sodium on admission was 130 with a glucose of 360 which suggests that she has some hyponatremia not as profoundas the 130 would suggest. The patient has a complained of pain all over her body, her neck, her arms and her back. She is evaluated by physical therapy who feels that she is unsafe

The progression of shock has three stages. First, compensated shock is a very early stage when the body is still capable of compensating for blood loss. Next is decompensated shock, which is a late stage of shock when blood pressure falls. Last is irreversible shock, this is the terminal stage when transfusion is not enough to save the patient. (Pollak, 2010 slide 38-40)

Hypovolemic shock is an emergency condition caused by loss of whole blood (hemorrhage), plasma (burns), or interstitial fluid (diaphoresis, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, emesis, diuresis, and diarrhea) in large amounts. This makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body (Heller, 2014). The severe compromise in blood flow and therefore systemic perfusion contributes to cerebral, renal, or hepatic ischemia and possible organ failure. It is the most common type of shock in children with dehydration and trauma being the most common factors (McCance, 2010. pp 1703).

According to the National Trauma Institute, hypovolemic shock is the second leading cause of death in people with traumatic injuries. [1] This makes the initial identification and management of Hypovolemia detrimental to the outcome and survival of many patients involved in traumatic events. Hypovolemia refers to a medical condition in which rapid fluid loss results in multiple organ failure due to inadequate circulating volume and consecutive inadequate perfusion. [1,2,3]

Did you know that you can die from drinking too much water? Water intoxication can also be referred to as “water poisoning.” It can cause fatal disturbances in the brain functions. Meaning the normal balance of electrolytes in the body is pushed outside safe limits by overhydration. If your electrolytes drop too low too quickly, it can be fatal. Death by overhydration is rare, but it can still happen.

The role of exercise in pain perception has been widely researched over a number of years. Koltyn (2000) found that research had been taking place for more than twenty years. Previous studies have identified the significance of exercise in the treatment and rehabilitation for many patients with chronic pain (Naugle, Fillingham, & Riley, 2012). Hypoalgesia was found to occur following resistance and isometric exercise (Koltyn, 2000). However, it was suggested that further examination was required to develop an understanding of hypoalgesic responses following different modes of exercise (Koltyn, 2000). Further studies have provided evidence that healthy individuals demonstrated that sensitivity to painful stimuli is reduced with acute exercise

Describe complications that can occur as a result of dialysis and identify nursing measures that are designed to prevent these complications.

In Hyperhemolytic crisis: Reticulocytes are increased in peripheral blood; and bone marrow is hyperplastic. It is characterized by anemia and jaundice. Sequestration crisis (more commonly occurs in infants): Massive, sudden erythrostasis with pooling of blood in the viscera (splenomegaly), resulting in hypovolemic shock/possible death. This crisis occurs in patients with intact splenic function.