Cholera Research Paper

1. Models are analogies that allow us to clarify hypotheses—proposed explanation of relationships between. What roles do models play in testing hypotheses?

Outbreaks of cholera were not isolated to the European and Asian continents, as several major cases within the United States have been recorded back to colonial times. As trade increased with the old world, infected sailors bringing the disease to major port cities, spreading it even further as products became distributed across the nation. Famously documented as one of the most vital turning points for public health medicine within the US, the city of Chicago mirrored what was unfolding in the 1854 London outbreak. Congruent to Snow’s findings, entire families suddenly became severely ill and dying off. As an effort to combat the pestilence, Ellis Chesbrough, an already established railroad engineer, designed a series of sewer systems modeled

An epidemic occurs when a disease spreads to more people in one area then usually happens. There have been many epidemics in history that have had devastating effects. Two epidemics that occurred right here in the United States were cholera and scarlet fever. From the 1830’s to the 1860’s, cholera spread throughout the United States killing many people. And in the late 1850’s scarlet fever spread throughout the New England area of the United States. For both of these terrible diseases it is not clear what stopped their rapid spread. Today there is a vaccine for cholera but not for scarlet fever. However, there are ways to protect yourself from catching these diseases. New and stronger illnesses seem to be happening all the time and are in the news. However, we still need to be aware of these diseases from the past so we can keep ourselves healthy.

Over five year, 1347-1352, about 25 million people died from the Bubonic Plague in Europe. The Bubonic Plague started in Italy in the spring of 1348 and started to spread throughout Europe. This plague nearly killed between 25-50% of Europe population. This disease they believe came from almost everything what it came from. The Bubonic Plague was also known as the Black Plague and Black Death.

The black plague was one of the worse epidemic of the world. This disease was a horrible and spread widely thought the world at a rapidly rate. The black plague arrived in October of the year 1347. This disease was arrived by sea when 12 Genoese trading ships docked at the Sicilian port of Messina, through the black sea. When the ships arrived to be docked there was a horrifying sight to see. The people on the boats were mostly dead and the others were barely holding onto life, that they had left. For the passengers that were still holding onto life were having symptoms of very high fevers, unable to keep any foods or liquids down, with also the agony of pain that they were having. The most unbearable thing that the black plague did to the

The Black Plague which was also known as The Black Death, first originated in Asia and spread across to the shores of Italy during October 1346. It is believed that the Black Death arrived in Europe with trading ships that arrived at the Sicilian port of Messina. Most of the people on board these ships were already dead, with others terribly ill. Many sailors had black boils on their body that were full of pus and blood. By the time the sickness was discovered by the authorities it was already too late because the disease had started to spread rapidly all around Europe.

Plagues are basically diseases that meant to kill all humans that came in contact with many years ago and even today.Talking about famous plagues, it reminds me of the black plague also called the bubonic plague in the 1300's that took the lives of millions in Europe, the great plague of London that was caused by some kind of rat infestation infecting the food and the plague in China's Yunnan province that also spread to India also killing millions of people.These plagues are all part of the Black Plague as it has the same parasite invoilved.Also,Vector-Borne diseases are infections transmitted by the bite of infected arthropod species, such as mosquitoes, ticks ,sandflies , etc. It is beleved that the Balck plague was caused by fleas infected with a bacteria called Yersinia pestis or by rats infected with these bacteria carrying fleas to humans then we can make a claim that the Black Plague was a kind of Vector-Borne disease.

Coming out of the East, the Black Death reached the shores of Italy in the spring of 1348 unleashing a rampage of death across Europe unprecedented in recorded history. This medical phenomenon known as acral necrosis or subdural hemorrhages gave rise to the term black death. The disease progressed along the path of commerce and travel; trading ships arrived at ports with entire crews dead of the disease. Such fever strikes fast and causes blood vessels to burst underneath the skin, bringing out welts, similar to what British medical texts from the Middle Ages describe as "God's tokens." The liquidization of internal organs that causes excruciating pain in Ebola victims matches the descriptions of historical autopsies on plague victims, which

Smallpox is a highly contagious and fatal disease; there is no treatment available to smallpox, and the only way to avoid this infection is through primary prevention measures of vaccination. Smallpox has two clinical forms, variola major (most common) and variola minor (least common) with a fatality rate of 30% and 1% respectively. Variola major has four types of smallpox, ordinary (accounts for 90% of the cases), modified (occurs in vaccinated individuals), hemorrhagic (severe and rare), and flat or malignant (rare and fatal). Smallpox has been declared eradicated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980, and vaccination of the general public has stopped shortly after; nevertheless, it is an agent of bioterrorism that is available in laboratory stockpiles worldwide (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2004).

When a person becomes infected with Black Death they could be infected with three different types consisting of Bubonic, Septicaemic and Pneumonic Plague. Although there are three strains of plague Bubonic is

Bubonic plague is an infectious disease that is spread by the bacteria Yersinia pestis. These bacteria remain in a dormant state primarily in a rat flea’s foregut. Once the flea has bitten a victim it regurgitates the contents in its foregut into the bite location. Once the bacterium has entered into a mammal’s warm body it begins to reproduce and spread throughout the mammal’s body. The reproduction of this bacterium creates large painful swollen lymph nodes which are called buboes. Once these buboes get large enough they begin to ooze infected body fluid so that any contact between an infected person and a healthy person will facilitate the spread of this disease. (The Mayo Clinic Staff, 2012)

The Sanitation at the time was very poor. At the time, there were no sewage systems. People did not bathe regularly and people often found themselves drunk or throwing up. This helped the cause of spreading the Bubonic Plague. Citizens would often throw their trash outside and didn't realize that it would alter their lives forever. Many people were not rich at the time, so they got their water from the public fountains that had no filtering systems to clean the water. The Black Death arrived by sea in Europe. Sailors had gone through the Black Sea and when they arrived to their destination, most of the crew had died and the survivors were gravely ill. The symptoms that they experienced were fever, vomiting, diarrhea, aches, pains, and all that lead to the

In,London 30 possible bubonic plague victims are being excavated.This event was horrible but,it will help us learn about one of London's most notorious killers. The skeletons will be anylazed by osteologist from M.O.L.A and test maybe will reveal if bubonic plague or;something else was the cause of death. The database reveals the case of a woman who died on October 17,1581 dyed of plauge; she was buryed in the New Churchyard. Another woman died of sore legs. Then she was brought into a cage to die. Some people didn't adhere to a religious faith and so they were not buried in regular chuchyard graves. The people buried survived many things; the scientist will be able to use Europe's largest project to uncover knowledge about the amazing period

Cholera remains a drastically severe disease, killing hundreds of people each outbreak. When ingested, it attaches to the mucosal lining of the intestines and disrupts the normal flow of ions so that there is more sodium, chloride, and water in the intestinal lumen than normal and results in massive diarrhea. Cholera has made a global impact and been endemic in almost all parts of the world. Cholera control strongly emphasizes sanitation, clean drinking water, isolation, and careful food preparation. Two ways our body works against cholera as a self-limiting disease are sloughing cells and the secretory immunoglobulin (sIgA) antibody produced by mucus throughout our body. There are

The disease, cholera, is an infection of the intestines, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. As stated in Microbes and Infections of the Gut, the bacterium is “a Gram-negative, comma- shaped, highly motile organism with a single terminal flagellum” (105). Cholera is characterized by the most significant symptom that presents with the disease, diarrhea, and victims can lose up to twenty liters of body fluids in a day. Cholera can be a serious disease, due to the serious dehydration that can occur, but it is only fatal if treatment is not administered as soon as possible. This research paper includes information on the causes of cholera, symptoms, ways of treatment, studies of treatments, complications that may occur, the