"In 2009, there were 116,395 new kidney failure diagnoses, 571,414 people living with kidney failure and 90,118 deaths among people with kidney failure ". (1) Renal failure is a type of disease that happened to kidneys and prevent them from working properly. Renal failure can occur as an acute or chronic renal failure. Chronic renal failure describes abnormal kidneys structure and loss of kidneys function. It is often accompany with other conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, it can be unrecognized because of the existence of other diseases and lack of symptoms.(2) In fact, chronic renal failure happened and developed slowly in three stages, which are diminished renal reserve, renal insufficiency, and end stage renal disease.
The first stage of chronic renal failure is called diminished renal reserve. During this stage the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), the best test to measure the level of kidneys function that doctors use to determine the stage of the disease, drops from 90-60 ml/min of normal(3). At this stage, patients with diminished renal reserve have moderate kidney function, so they
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During this stage, patients usually have GFR less than 15 ml/min, which implies that the kidneys permanently fail to work.(3) As a result of lost kidney function, patients often experience varied symptoms, such as excessive thirst. In addition, it can cause damage to other organs of different systems, and sometimes it helps to make some diseases getting worse. For instance, "end stage disease patients have a high cardiovascular morality rate". (5 ) However, this stage can be treated by either transplant or hemodialysis according to the situation of the patients. "the number of patients with kidney failure treated by dialysis and transplantation has increased dramatically in United States from 209,000 in 1991 to 470,000 in
Injury to the glomerulus and the tubules presents the onset of Intra-renal failure (Matzke, 2011). Some of the frequent causes for Intra-renal failure are glomerulonephritis; pyelonephritis; and tubular injury. Post-renal failure develops from things like ureteroliths, tumors, or anatomic impediments. Opposite of the acute form, the chronic form has a slow onset that has no early stage symptoms. It is important to know that following an acute episode a chronic renal episode often follows, and at this juncture the damage is irreversible. Glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis combined, has been reported to be the forerunner in as much as half the cases from acute to chronic renal failure. Diabetes mellitus, renal vascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, drug damage, and nephrolith are all examples of other causes of CKD (Pradeep, 2014). Biopsies of kidneys that suffered with CKD reveal smaller kidneys with scarring on the tubules.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disorder and occurs in the elderly population. In younger patients, it
There are also a few tests that will show whether or not the kidneys are filtering the body’s fluids as they should. A simple urinalysis can be done to detect protein or blood in the urine. This will alert the medical professionals to a possible problem with the proper functioning of the kidneys. There are also Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) tests that will measure the
Imagine that one of your loved ones are in the hospital… they’re very sick and you don’t know what is wrong. The doctor comes in and tells you that your loved one is having kidney failure
Kidney disease has become more prevalent over the years, one in nine Americans has chronic kidney disease, resulting in the need for a kidney transplant. Kidney failure is caused by variety of factors resulting in damage of the nephrons, which are the most important functioning unit of the kidneys. Kidney failure can be broken down into three groups: acute, chronic, end-stage. Once kidney failure is irreversible, dialysis or transplantation is the only method of survival. To avoid a kidney transplant, one needs to be aware of the pre-disposing factors, signs and symptoms, available treatments, and proper diet.
kidney function, or a rapid decline in renal filtration function. The first signs of acute renal
Outcomes of chronic kidney disease include kidney failure, decreased kidney function complications and heart disease. Its recommended to identify persons at risk such as, diabetes, hypertension, family history, those older than 60 years of age, or those with U.S. racial or ethnic minority status). The Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) of the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) aims to define chronic kidney disease, classify its stages, evaluate laboratory measurements for the clinical assessment; associate the level of kidney function with complications of chronic kidney disease; and stratify the risk for loss of kidney function and development of cardiovascular diseases. Adverse outcomes can often be prevented or delayed through early detection and treatment of chronic kidney disease. Earlier stages of chronic kidney disease can be detected through routine laboratory
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of <60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), this is kidney failure with a GFR of ≤ 15 and theses patients are typically on dialysis or in need of an immediate transplant. The leading cause of CKD is diabetes. Hypertension is also a major cause. Since most DM patients have HTN,
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is among the leading causes of mortality throughout the world, and its prevalence and the health care costs resulting from it are considerable and increasing. CKD commonly is silent and asymptomatic until its late stages. Accordingly, CKD is diagnosed prior to symptomatic stage of kidney failure, resulting in delays in proper interventions and the emergence of adverse consequences in the CKD patients
Kidney dialysis is a life saving treatment for chronic kidney failure. Kidney is an organ which is responsible for filtering the waste material and excess fluid from the blood but failure of this organ to do so leads to accumulation of the waste
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been affecting many peoples’ lives every day. CKD is also known as chronic renal failure or Bright’s disease because a man named Richard Bright discovered this disease. Chronic means it is life-long or for a long time, which means that this disease can affect anybody at any age. Approximately 18.5-58.3 million children have CKD. Diabetes or high blood pressure can be major causes of CKD. Some symtoms that affect people if they have CKD are blood or protein in urine or a family history in a different kidney disease, but don’t worry, there are treatments and hopes for more future treatments. Some ways to prevent getting or treating CKD are by eating a healthy diet, aiming for a healthy weight,
Mr. Armstrong has a history of renal insufficiency and uncontrolled hypertension, along with symptoms of fatigue, pedal edema, and occasional shortness of breath. He does not have a history of trauma or obstruction to his kidneys, but his creatinine and BUN levels are currently at 3.5 mg/dl and 40 mg/dl. Normal creatinine concentration values are 0.7 to 1.2 mg/dl and normal BUN values are 10 to 20 mg/dl; this reveals that Mr. Armstrong’s kidneys are not removing wastes properly (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2014). Mr. Armstrong’s history of renal insufficiency and uncontrolled hypertension is commonly found in patients diagnosed with intrarenal (intrinsic) acute renal failure. Intrarenal acute renal failure can be categorized as
However, when the kidneys stop working completely, this situation is known as end-stage renal failure (ESRF). There are some diseases may cause chronic renal failure and this essay will focus on two types of these common diseases.
stages, symptoms and risk factors. It also examines the process of kidney transplantation to treat
When treating kidney disease it is important to control the underlying disease that is causing the damage to the kidneys. If diabetes is diagnosed keeping blood glucose levels under control and if high blood pressure is the cause keeping blood pressure under control with a reading of 130/80. Medication can be helpful such as ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers. Acute renal failure the main goal is to get the kidneys functioning again the physician may limit the amount of fluids taken in daily along with antibiotics to protect against any infections and diuretics to help with fluid removal. In some cases patient will require dialysis for a short period of time. Treating end-stage renal failure requires dialysis and or transplants.