Civil Rights Movement At Mid Century Essay

The Charles C. Green v County School Board of New Kent County decision of 1968 was a pivotal point in the history of the civil rights movement. It was the court case that finally forced school boards across the country to desegregate their public schools. This did not happen until over a decade after Brown v. Board had deemed segregation unconstitutional and Brown II had sought to abolish it and overturn the “separate but equal” decision of Plessy v. Ferguson. The goal of this paper is to tell the story of how the state of Virginia moved through Brown I, Brown II, and Green v. New Kent County to put an end to segregation in schools.

Death Blow to Jim Crow: The National Negro Congress and the Rise of Militant Civil Rights. By Eric S. Gellman. (Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 2012. Pp. xiii, 354. $39.95.)

Throughout the 1900s, the United States of America has struggled with a national struggle for civil rights. The book Bridges of Reform by Shana Bernstein focuses on one of the most influential areas of civil rights activism: the West Coast. California, in particular, has had a long era of civil rights struggles, spanning from the labor wars all the way to the 1970s. This is largely due to the fact that Los Angeles became to be an increasingly multiethnic population throughout its history; however, Los Angeles learned to deal with this through forming multiracial coalitions seeking to challenge discrimination in the city. Her work places multiracial communities of the United States West at the center of U.S. civil rights history. Shana Bernstein

The Negro community has waited over 300 years to achieve equal constitutional rights. Martin Luther King who was their voice and their leader, was invited in 1963 to Birmingham, Alabama, to help assist with a nonviolent direct action campaign. The unjust segregation taking place in the city of Birmingham needed immediate attention. In spite of, King’s efforts to negotiate with the local and national communities as

The road to the historic desegregation of Little Rock Central High school began in the 1930’s when the NAACP tasked future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall with fighting segregation in schools. By 1950 he had helped to strike down segregation in universities in several states. In 1951, the NAACP aided parents of black children attending public schools in Topeka, Kansas in attempting to overturn the state’s segregation laws. After a three year court battle, the 1954 Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education Topeka culminated in the abolishment of school segregation laws in 21 states. (Seeds 1)

African American people have come a long way from the illiterate slaves, who were once picking cotton in fields, to powerful political leaders. A prime example would be President Barack Obama, the first African American president of the United States of America. But first we must ask ourselves, how did this occur? Who lead African Americans to better living standards? Civil rights leaders, such as Sojourner Truth, Harriet Tubman, and Rosa Parks, just to name a few. However, among these great names in history, there is one that stands out, and that man is Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. King gave hope to those in need with his awe inspiring sermons he performed at the church his grandfather founded. He changed foes to

To understand the present and the future one must understand the past.  The book Civilities and Civil Rights by William Chafe provided a detailed look at North Carolina, specifically Greensboro between the years of the 1930s through the 1960’s. The state of events that occur can be linked to many of the events that one sees today due to the fact that the foundation and structure of the south was built on racism. No one came straight out and said they were racist, instead the problem was covered up with civilities. Few leaders wanted to rock the boat or change things that would allow African Americans rights. This report will show how the civilities during this time hindered the success of civil rights in Greensboro, and also how it was harder for activists in Greensboro to win support and accomplish their goals.

Political advocacy organizations have historically played a big part in securing political rights for minority groups in Western Liberal Democracies. Whether we look to the now infamous Boston Tea Party to the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, we observe the importance of political organizations in their quest to ensure equitable rights for the people whom they represent. In context of the early twentieth century, the most prominent group to represent African-American’s in the United States was that of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The NAACP, as it is more commonly called, was founded on February 12, 1909 by a mixed group of individuals including but not limited to Ida B. Wells, W. E. B. DuBois and Archibald Grimké with the goal of creating a civil rights organization that would help assist in organizing for civil rights for blacks. One of its most prominent members, Charles Hamilton Houston, who became a part of the organization around the mid-twentieth century, changed the trajectory of the organization for years to come. Hence this essay

They claimed that the Supreme Court had engaged their judicial powers to exchange the established laws of government, for their own personal, political and social ideas, therefor, violating the Constitution. Legislators argued against such strong manipulation of jurisdictive power and demanded that the federal government had neither the power or the authority to force state intergration of schools. Furthermore, the exercise of power by a court of law, contrary to an established Constitution, had created chaos, confusion and was destroying the harmonious relations between races in those states effected by the Courts decision, to add, the decision had also replaced the understanding and friendships of people with hatred and suspicion. The fight over the manifesto, remained fierce and that by implementing the Brown decision, the courts would not be allowed to perform the job it was created to do, therefor, being commandeered by the federal government . The authors of this document touched on many nerves, but the main nerve being,that with Brown being implemented, it had shattered the good-natured relations between both white and blacks. Relations that had taken many decades of the enduring determination by respectable people of both races to build. Segregation had become an American way of life in the minds of many in the south, and these customs should not be altered. It’s my opinion, that a majority of southerners had been raised and bred with idealogy of white people were the only true “entitled” race. These entitled were not accustomed to sharing intergrated facilities and would confront this forced intergration by the government with strong

Commencing in the late 19th century, state level governments approved segregation acts, identified as the Jim Crow laws, and assigned limitations on voting requirements that caused the African American population economically and diplomatically helpless (Davis, n.d.). The civil rights movement commenced, intensely and assertively, in the early 1940s when the societal composition of black America took an increasingly urban, popular appeal (Korstad & Lichtenstein, 1988). The 1950s and 1960s was well known for racial conflicts and civil rights protests. The civil rights movement in the United States during the late 1950s and 1960s was based on political and social strives to achieve

In 1894, the US Supreme Court gave legal consent to state laws segregating black people and white people with its decision concerning the Plessey v Ferguson case. The decision stated that black and white should be separate but equal, meaning the same standard of facilities for both. In reality it legally enforced a state of affairs that assured that blacks would never be equal, and couldn’t get equal treatment, status or opportunity in their own country. During the Second World War, the black American Gi’s realised that they were fighting for a democracy abroad, which they did not have at home.

This book makes clear that the struggle for racial equality was nationwide and not just isolated to certain geographical locations. A common misconception about the civil rights movement is that blatant racism was a problem only encountered in the Deep South. However, Waiting ‘Til the Midnight Hour does a great job of clarifying this misconception and showing the many elements of the struggle for justice that blacks from coast to coast experienced.

By the turn of the 20th century, African Americans who were once slave, less than 50 years ago were now full pledge citizens who can vote and exercise their rights as Americans. Reconstructive efforts were issued to aid the newly emancipated black population, more several in the south. Programs such as the Freedman’s Bureau, provided free blacks and poor white with food, housing, schooling and medical assistance in attempts for a better transition. However, freed blacks were met with challenges with discrimination and segregation among their white societals. These challenges came in forms of locally organized laws such as the Black Codes, and the Jim Crow Laws. When those barriers were challenged or wasn’t doing enough, violence is referred to in the epidemic of lyncing. African Americans endured these hardships under restrictions both socially and economically as blacks had little non economic mobility. Majority of the black population were sharecroppers, household personnel and many were also illiterate. Not only did African Americans suffered socially and economically but politically as well. Numerous cases are brought to the courts to exercise their rights as citizen but were often shut down. The 1896, Plessy v. Fergusson, voted in favor of segregation; as long as they are equal in what is being offered. But a break was in for the African Americans to move north. The industrial cities of NY and Philly have already attracted African Americans prior and in the year 1914,

I took another visit to the Library of Congress, located in Washington D.C. I went to James Madison building. My purpose at the library was to research The Civil Rights Movement and the Federal Government Records of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Police-Community Relations in Urban Areas, 1954–1966 and obtain information from the Newspaper and Current Periodical reading room. I was really disappointed that the librarian directed to me to ProQuest periodical. There was no other access of information. When I enter the manuscript room, it was the first time for me using microfilm and I was watch intensely by the staff when I was using the reel machine. The microfilms are located in the Madison building. The records focused on Black Americans, civil rights, Commission on civil Rights, police, race relations, racial discrimination, and urban area. The records were generated to disclose the tense relationships between police enforcement and the black communities they served in. This collection included reports on police brutality, dishonest arrests, and police failure to act for protection, race relations, and police training programs in cities including Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, San Francisco, St. Louis, and Baltimore. I focused on the city of Baltimore. Some of the materials were written or received by Roy Littlejohn, he was the staff attorney for the Commission on Civil Rights. Some of the other materials were issued by local

Despite nearly one hundred years passing since the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans in Southern States were still faced with the most distinct forms of racism. The so-called “Jim Crow” laws that were present in United States at the time, served to segregate blacks and whites from all aspects of public life, including schools, public transport and juries. Often faced with extreme right-wing terrorist groups such as the white supremacist Klu Klux Klan, many among the African American community chose to live in a society of oppression that to actively campaign for equal rights for all humans regardless of the colour of their skin. It wasn’t until the 1950’s and 60’s that the people attempted to challenge the established order by engaging in influential protest movements with the help of key activist groups and their leaders. In particular, one key example of a powerful protest campaign was that which occurred in 1965 in Selma, a small town in Alabama. Here, the African American community united in an effort to ensure that all citizens were equal before the law in regards to their ability to register to vote. Their work in banding together and marching from Selma to the state capital Montgomery, was vastly important to both the Civil Rights Movement as a whole, as well as the assurance of the Black vote within the United States. Consequently, this essay seeks to emphasize just how influential this act of protest was to the movement as a whole, whilst analysing the