Combining Adjuvant Drug Therapy For Risperidone Essay

Autism Spectrum Disorders are developmental disabilities with lifelong effects for the person. They are characterized by the repetitive behaviors exhibited by the client with social and communication deficits as well. Clients with ASDs have unusual abilities to learn, they struggle with paying attention and may react inappropriately with extreme tantrums to different sensations. ASDs include and are not limited to autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder, atypical autism and Asperger disorder. Research of autism has been tracked by the Centers of Disease Control for prevalence since 1996, however tracking of developmental disabilities began in the 1980s.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be portrayed toward critical impairments in social interaction. It also includes restricted repeated behaviors, interests and activities. (Mayo Clinic staff, 2014)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a group of conditions of the brain development. (Vries, 2015). The main characteristic of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is that they have difficulties to adapt and interact with other people. Also, individuals with Autism have problems with their development of verbal and nonverbal communication. They show a repetitive behavior that is usually recognized during the first three years of life. Approximately one of sixty eight children are affected with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the United States. (Vries, 2015).

In this paper, I will be discussing the disorder of Autism, a sever disorder that affects the function of the brain. It causes problems in such areas as social contact, intelligence, language and speech impediments, along with ritualistic or compulsive behaviors, as well as different responses to the environment that an autistic individual may have different than individuals not having autism would exhibit. I will be discussing generally about the history and description of autism. Also I will be discussing the charactistics that mark an autistic individual, the actual treatment that an autistic person may receive, risk factors that an autistic person may encounter, and interventions/treatments activities that an individual who has autism may take part in. I feel that by doing all of this that I will gain a greater sense of understanding for individuals with autism. I will be giving this information to you by going through each topic that I have outlined in the introduction and explaining what each means and how they affect an individual with autism.

Autism has become an increasingly important public health concern as the number of yearly diagnoses of the disorder has increased since the late 20th century. The National Institute of Health estimates that 1 in 88 children in the United States are classified as having an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (NINDS, 2009), a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs children 's ability to learn and causes issues with social interaction and communication. Symptoms of ASD include delays in speech and language, issues with social interaction, and unusual behaviors/routines.

Scientifically, autism and autism spectrum disorder, also known as ASD, are commonly used names for difficult disorders that have to do with brain development. Disorders like these are grouped by someone’s difficulty in social interaction, repetitive behaviors, and nonverbal communication. To the people who are diagnosed with this disorder and the families it affects; it is so much more than just science.

Pandina et al, conducted an 8 week double blind placebo-­‐controlled trial do risperidone for autism the ABC-­‐I subscale was the primary efficacy measure used. Out of the 55, 27 were given risperidone and 28 were given the placebo (14).

Children with autism spectrum disorders life can be challenging. In the article “Practice Pathway Address Problems Behaviors for Children with ASD” (Haelle, Tara 2016). Practice Pathway “is to describe the expected practice in relation to children whose needs may fall within the autism spectrum disorder” (www.leics.gov.uk). It’s a program put in place for children with ASD. A treatment not a cure, but the right treatment for their problems. Two main issues for children with ASD is irritability and behavior. This study defined the behavior, assessed it, treated it and sees how effective treatment is.

Risperidone is benzisoxazole derivatives of antipsychotic properties due to its high antagonistic effect on serotonin-5HT2 and dopamine-D2 receptors that magnifies its action in treatment of positive and negative schizophrenia with less extrapyramidal side effects and relapse probability (Rainer, 2008). Chemically it is C23H27FN4O2 (Bladania et al., 2008) (Figure 1). It is a weak base that is practically water insoluble, the solubility is pH dependent, it is highly soluble at acidic pH with significant decrease as pH increases up to pH 6.8 with minimum solubility at pH 8 (Saibi et al., 2012). Its bioavailability is about 70% with high protein binding ability (88%). It is extremely metabolized in liver to the active metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone

A group of adolescents with autism and severe behavioral disturbance ranging from the ages of 5-17 were given a risperidone and/or placebo. The adolescents were randomly selected on who would receive the risperidone and who would receive the placebo. “A double-blind placebo-controlled parallel groups design was used. Dependent measures included tests of sustained attention, verbal learning, hand-eye coordination, and spatial memory assessed before, during, and after the 8-week treatment.

Risperidone can be calculated to increase mental mechanical routine or even that it is harmless.The highest importance of these results is to decrease one, and merely one, of numerous security worries, with the severe prospects of metabolic and nervous dangers lingering. Risperidone given to children with autism at a certain dose amounts and for a given time frame will appear to have a damaging effect on their cognitive performance in those children.The results of girls compared to boys with autism and simple social disorder and a emotional age greater than or equal to 18 months finished the mental portion in the

It was determined that boys are more likely to come down with autism four to five more times than girls are, because there is no cure for Autism, researchers are constantly trying to find ways, and medications, to help the children and families can cope with the negative effects of this disorder. The effects of the popular drug Risperidone given to children with autism is covered in the article "Cognitive Effects of Risperidone in Children with Autism and Irritable Behavior." This drug is tested on children who have autism and irritable behaviors such as disruptive behavior disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. An individual who has a variety of complex brain development disorders is diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Behavior disorders vary in symptoms and name, and can be divided into several classifications, including anxiety disorders, disruptive behavior disorders, emotional disorders, dissociative disorders, and pervasive developmental disorders. In addition to Sensory Processing Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Bipolar Disorder and Autism fall under the behavior umbrella. Like many other mental illnesses, direct causes of these disorders are hard to pinpoint. “Although the exact cause of most mental illnesses is not known, it is becoming clear through research that many of these conditions are caused by a combination of biological, psychological and

Although autism is a common disorder, many people are under educated. Autism is a shorter term for autism spectrum disorder or ASD. Both are “general terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development” (What). ASD can involve many brain development issues, including “intellectual disability, difficulties with motor coordination and attention and physical health issues” (What). Individuals afflicted by autism can have a range of development problems from mild to severe. Unlike some other conditions, no two cases of autism spectrum disorder are the same.

Autism have been recognized as in existence since the 1940s but only in recent years it has been recognised under the standardized psychiatric diagnostic classification schemes. It is not unusual for people with ASD to be at risk of displaying challenging behaviours which could lead to offending behaviours, however, on the other hand they can also be at lower risk as they find rules helpful in surviving in the social world. This paper will look at what is ASD, studies on ASD individuals and offending behaviours, explanations on the outcomes of the studies and conclusion on these findings.