Ch. 12 & 13 DNA & Protein Synthesis Project By Anthony Li, Connor Farrell, John Koutsonikolis, and Tristan Funicelli (Tristan) # Describe the contributions of each of the following to the discovery of the structure of DNA - 1) Watson and Crick: Used Rosalind Franklin’s x-rays of DNA to conclude that DNA took the shape of a double helix. 2) Frederick Miescher: Used pus from infections to isolate nuclein. He found that nuclein had a unique ratio of phosphorous to nitrogen. 3) Oswald Avery: Tested
DNA: Structure and Replication 1. Describe and compare the chemical compositions of DNA and RNA. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids; they are characterized by being long chains that are called polymers, from other units called nucleotides. With the DNA and RNA, it is expected to have a variety of polynucleotide chains. The nucleotides are intertwined by means of covalent bonds between sugar of a nucleotide and the phosphate of the next. This results in an ordered backbone pattern. As well as the DNA
and eukaryotic cells is their DNA. Thus, these two cells have different features on DNA transcription and protein synthesis mechanisms. The general processes of transcription may be applied to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as their basic biochemistry was the same. But, they are differs in their specific mechanisms and regulation of transcriptions. In all species, the process of transcriptions begins with the binding of RNA polymerase complex to a special DNA sequence at the beginning of the
Viruses are one of the most ancient and diverse wonders of the scientific world, yet they are not fully understood. Scientists still do not know of their origins, but have three main theories of how they came about. Viruses infect organisms, yet they do not perform the biological functions to be considered living organisms themselves. Viruses lack many of the abilities that scientists affiliate with living organisms. Primarily, they cannot reproduce without the help of a host cell, and do not use
different chromosomes. Explain how these alleles are transmitted by the process of mitosis to daughter cells. After mitosis the parent cell's genome is dividedninto two daughter cells. In most eukaryotes, the nuclear envelope that separates the DNA from the cytoplasm disassembles. The chromosomes align themselves in a line spanning the cell. As the cell elongates, corresponding sister chromosomes are pulled toward opposite ends. A new nuclear envelope forms around the separated sister chromosomes
1. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Be sure to address cell structure, replication (including DNA replication) and gene expression. The cell structure of prokaryotic organisms is small, only about 1-10 microns in length, and they are also single celled. Prokaryotes contain circular DNA which is held in the nucleoid because they lack a nucleus. The specific organisms that have circular DNA are: mitochondrial, bacterial (eubacteria), and Archaea (Methanobacteria, Halobacteria
Oxford Dictionaries is a cell in which DNA is arranged in chromosomes that are “contained within a distinct nucleus”. The name prokaryotes is also defined by the Oxford dictionary as an organism that does not contain a ‘distinct nucleus with a membrane’. These two terms highlighted a very important difference between the two cells; eukaryotic cells had a true nucleus surrounded by a membrane but the prokaryotes did not. The following essay seeks to compare and contrast typical prokaryotic cells to typical
Fall 2016: Biol 105 Exam 4 Essay Questions Name: Please type a statement acknowledging that you understand that this assignment will make up a portion of your Exam 4 grade, that you will complete it independently, and you will not plagiarize or copy from other students, textbooks, presentation materials, or any other source. Any student who plagiarizes or works with another student will receive a zero for their grade. Statement: Read each of the following short essay questions. Answer
genomes will provide a better understanding for such diversity. ‘karyote’ refers to the nucleus, and also ‘pro’ means ‘absence’ and ‘eu’ means ‘presence’. Therefore the words prokaryote and eukaryote reflect upon the individual cell organization. In contrast, the both organizations
Form bones & muscle. Transport substances in & out of cells. Fight off disease. (Immune System) Enzymes Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Nucleotides Stores genetic material DNA RNA 6. What is the function of an enzyme? Acts as a biological catalyst, speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction 7. How do temperature and pH affect enzymes? Most enzymes work best at body temperature, higher temps will cause the enzyme to