Comparing Wycliffe, Dante And Marsilius

3. John Wycliffe attacked papal authority and called for even more radical reform of the

Practices. Even though just about every pope has hurt the Church in his own unique way, there are some common sins among them, such as the acts of simony and selling indulgences. These sins are closely related because one led to the other. Simony is selling positions within the Church, which led to corrupt people buying their way in, and once they were in, they sold the people certificates called indulgences that were supposed to get one's soul out of purgatory, and then pocketed the profits from this. Once people started finding out about these shady dealings, it revealed the hypocrisy of the Church. They would preach ideas like the one found in 1 Timothy 6:10 "For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evils. It is through this craving

The political turmoil became further drawn out between opposition for the empire to have power or whether the power should be held by the papacy. According to Dante and Thomas Aquinas, a philosopher and Franciscan during Dante’s time, they both agree that the church’s role did not require the amount of power they were trying to acquire. However, a lot of that changed when Pope Celestine V abandoned his duties of the papacy which gave rise to Dante’s biggest enemy, Pope Boniface VIII. Unlike Aquinas, for Dante the biggest things were the effect on the community and the infiltration of trust which most of his characters in the Inferno are guilty of. However the infiltration within the church is much too widespread and personally affected Dante; in turn in his poem he has placed them in different levels of hell to make them wish they can repent what they did on earth, as the inferno is a journey reflection of the

The first one is that pope is not God. That the pope is comparing himself to God on the same level. According to document 1 the author states “that the bishop (the pope) is head of the holy church. And certainly the apostles of Jesus Christ never constrained any man to believe this concerning himself.” It means that the pope is saying that the head of the church and that he is teaching false things about god’s word. The next critical thing is the selling of indulgences.

The Great Divorce, by C.S Lewis and Inferno by Dante Alighieri, are great works that describe in significant detail the souls living in hell and how they got there. Lewis and Dante both portray to the reader how to attain Gods salvation by presenting the choices people make and what happens to them when they either become saved or reject God. The books have a distinct parallel between them. This parallel is found in the characters that reside in all nine circles of hell, and the different ghosts found on the bus traveling through heaven. Lewis and Dante characters are extremely similar and this essay will compare those exact characters.

This fundamental difference from the Catholic dogma that one could buy salvation to Luther’s new ideas as way to Heaven began to transform many people’s beliefs. Supporters of Luther adopted the concept of faith and knowledge of God as a way to repent their sins, and eventually, it reshaped the Christian culture. As Luther personally struggled to be a “perfect” monk, he discovered that faith in the gospel was the only way to be “made righteous by God”(roper 78). In response to his distress for his laity’s desire to buy indulgences, Luther wrote the “95 Theses on the Power of Indulgences.” He knew he was attacking the pope and the values of the church, but records show that he felt “...not fully in control of his actions, but handed over responsibility to a higher power”(84 roper). Cleary, Luther felt a spiritual connection with God and indulgences were in direct opposition to faith. His revolutionary claims in the “95 Theses on the Power of Indulgences” caused a conflict that would eventually be known as the Protestant Reformation.

Like many others, he disagreed with some of the church’s teaching and found some of them false after reading the Bible. Wycliffe also disliked how the Catholic Church ruled unfairly and mistreated the poor. He was a teacher at the time at the University of Oxford, so when he started teaching against topics like indulgences and purgatory, it cost him his position. Additionally, the Catholic Church convicted him of heresy and put him on house arrest. That did not stop Wycliffe from spreading what he believed in though.

            However, when we couple Dante’s intense reverence for Virgil with his plea for his help, our understanding of the strength of his faith is enhanced. The Pilgrim invokes Virgil thusly: “O famous sage, [help me] to stand against [that beast], / for she has made my blood and pulses shudder” (I.89-90). Perhaps one can account for this behavior by noting that Dante, being heavily disoriented, upon seeing Virgil, whom he initially perceives as being a mere apparition, feels in the Guide something supernatural which compels him to seek his aid in defeating the she-wolf. However, Dante’s remarks and behavior fall perilously close to blasphemy. Instead of unduly flattering Virgil (who by his own admission, “was a man”, and a pagan at that) and asking his assistance, the ideal Christian monotheist would seek refuge in God. The concept of placing one’s complete trust in God, manifest in such exemplars of faith as Sir Gawain of Camelot and Boccaccio’s Griselda, is an essential component of Christianity. Indeed, Gawain’s fall

In the note to Canto V regarding Francesca and Paulo, the Hollanders exclaim that “Sympathy for the damned, in the Inferno, is nearly always and nearly certainly the sign of a wavering moral disposition” (112). Indeed, many of the touching, emotional, or indignation rousing tales told by the souls in Hell can evoke pity, but in the telling of the tales, it is always possible to derive the reasons for the damned souls’ placement in Hell. However, there is a knee-jerk reaction to separate Virgil and, arguably, some of the other souls in limbo from this group of the damned, though, with careful perusal of the text, the thoughtful reader can discern the machinations behind their damnation.

As Dante makes his ascent through hell and purgatory, he is guided by two figures. The first is Virgil, who saves him from peril and accompanies him, as a friend, through the layers of both afterlifes. The second is Beatrice, who inspired Dante’s journey of salvation in the first place, and who he longs to be reunited with. Yet although these guides are leading him towards God, Dante mistakes their guiding as the end itself. He makes a God of Beatrice, sees her as the ultimate good towards which one strives, and makes a Jesus of Virgil, the man through whom this ultimate good is reached. In this way, Dante creates his own trinity, much to the detriment of his ascent to the True God.

While St. Thomas Aquinas established himself as the New Aristotle of the 13th century, Dante Alighieri established himself the new Virgil. The two men made an immense impact in their respective fields (poetry and philosophy). Yet surprisingly, the two share common ideals. In each of their respective literary and philosophical views, they establish the importance of the relationship between nature and grace. In Dante’s Inferno the unique relationship of grace and nature is made apparent and reflects the writings of Aquinas’ “Summa Theologica”. Dante’s pilgrimage through Hell, Purgatory and Paradise exhibit and reflect St. Thomas’ understanding of the relationship of nature and grace. Dante

The notion that the sinners Virgil and Dante meet are historical figures tempts readers to interpret Dante’s symbolism in a historical sense. Paul G. Chevigny, for example, argues that Dante’s view on betrayal originates from his ethical concerns in a “political milieu” (Chevigny, 790). For Dante, the most severe crime was the most human, the one that most clearly exhibits the misuse of free will: the betrayal of trust. Dante believes that crimes of betrayal were the most serious not only because they required the most deliberate practice of free will, but also because they did the most damage to the ethical net of obligations in society. As previously mentioned, Dante’s political role in Florence established his ideal of a stable society built among the trust of political leaders and their followers.

    Some people think that the medieval churches view on sin, redemption, heaven and hell was very complex, but actually the churches views were straight and to the point. I will discuss with you what sin, redemption, heaven and hell were to the medieval churches and I will also share some examples in the story that will help you better understand The Inferno and the medieval churches views.

In the Divine Comedy, Dante has landed in a dark forest, lost and confused. He is heading to the mountain that he seeked to reach Heaven. Before he reaches Heaven, he has to surpass Hell and Purgatory. During his journey, he has acknowledged multiple important characters but Virgil is considered the most significant because he was a personal tutor to Dante, and enlightened him more than any other individual. Virgil is seen as just a “guide” to Dante, but there’s more meaning behind it. He has his moments of being seen as a friend, a leader, a teacher, and a parental figure.

One of the primary concerns of Wycliffe was the temporal power of the clergy. His first works, including the De Civili Dominio, focused on the unwelcomed intrusion of the pope and his clergy into secular affairs. This was not a view unique to the fourteenth century. Kings had often vied against the Pope for power throughout the Middle Ages. The extent of the Pope’s influence and power in foreign realms was certainly not a settled issue in England or the rest of Catholic Europe. The De civili dominio suggests that it is the responsibility of the state, and its secular rulers, to judge the morality of the church. Wycliffe begins the De civili dominio by establishing precedent for his ideas by referring to the ancient magi, or three wise men that visited Jesus upon his birth. Wycliffe states a long held