Concept of State

religion. The Papal Authority on the other hand had a monumental task of keeping Catholicism

It is because of this reason that the author does not believe in absolute monarchies. However, he does believe that limited monarchies can be compatible with freedom.

During the 1500’s a movement away from traditional Catholicism started to take hold. The most notable figure during this time was Martin Luther. He had ideals that, at the time, were extremely radical. As Gerald Strauss put it, “His doctrine of the two realms- the kingdom of Christ and the kingdom of the world, derived directly from Augustine – entailed the strictest segregation of things spiritual and things material” (22). He did not believe that the people of the church had any right to control the population at large. He believed that they were meant to be spiritual guides, not rulers, and that they wielded way too much control over the common people. One of the most radical things that he did, which was also the most influential

Wolff (1970) defines a state as a group of persons who have the right to exercise supreme authority within a territory, over a population. He proposes In the Defense of Anarchism, men are autonomous, as higher degrees of autonomy is achieved, a man will resist the claim that states have authority over him. This illustrates the puzzle of Political obligation and can be explained through the appeal to consent.

This paper will address the churches political and religious practices that Luther disagreed with, the theses he posted on the church board, what he did to show his disagreement and gather support from the community and how he was able to challenge the church at the

Martin Luther faced many criticisms within the church. It was noticed that the popes were too concerned with worldly affairs rather than focusing on their church responsibilities and duties. Some had children, which were breaking the vows. Some popes in addition, were poorly educated. Without this proper education, they wouldn’t have a reliable source of knowledge and could

Such a quest could be said to have begun during the Protestant Reformation in 1517. The Reformation may be viewed in terms of the role of government and the role of the Church. The American government’s first duty is to uphold external laws. Matters that include foreign affairs and the peace of the country are the responsibility of the United States government. In his document, The Doctrine of Two Kingdoms, Martin Luther stated, “The laws of worldly government extend no farther than to life and property and what is external upon earth” (Amos, Gardiner, & Dembski). Luther explained that the government should only be concerned with external affairs. The second role of the government is to provide safety for all the country’s citizens. “The state…has no

7) Martin Luther king told us how was the former Christian. At that the church was powerful and the Christian was happy to suffer for what they believe in. The church was not instrument to measure the popular belief. It was an instrument to repair the principles of the civilization. Whenever they act the city was troubled calling them disturbers. But they were so intoxicated in Jesus that they have the conviction to not obey to human but to God. As a result, they reversed many evil organizations. However, Martin reveals us that the church of today as nothing frequently to lose his real epitome. It takes side with the oppressor by remaining silence and defend the status quo. He also warned the church of today saying that sentence of God upon it. If the church did not change, it will be a laughingstock and outrageous entity. He displays us again its surprised of the church wondering if they are hope for the church of today. So he turned into the internal saintly ecclesiastical where he found support in his march against injustice. Even though they were rejected by the head

The greatest aspect of Martin Luther’s legacy was his reformation of the Roman Catholic Church. At the time, the Church played an essential part in society and had more power than the state, unlike today. Reforming the Church would have been a

He wrote the 95 theses challenging the wealth of the church, the way to salvation, the authority, and indulgences. Moreover, his four concepts of sola fide, sola scriptura, priesthood of all believers, and all work is sacred challenged the very structure of the religion that the church was built upon. His belief of only faith alone could save one from purgatory, which nullified the need for indulgences. He proves this by quoting the Book of Romans and the New Testament, which was the passage God made him point to. He was able to justify faith alone by proving if one believed in Jesus's messages one was saved, because believing one was saved only with works while not believing in God was not the way to salvation (Justification by Faith). Moreover, Luther believed anyone could interpret the scripture and only what is in scripture should be believed, which challenged the Pope's interpretation and made people less dependant on the church. The Priesthood of all believers challenged the Pope's immediate connection to God and argued that even Priests and the Pope were susceptible to mistakes (The interpretation of the Bible and the Nature of the Clergy). In contrary to the Roman Catholic Church he was adamant about the fact of all being equal in God's eyes, thus the clergy was equal to the laity and not deserving of special privileges. He also stated that the church was protecting itself with the three concepts of spiritual power stronger than temporal power, only the Pope could interpret Scripture, and only the Pope could summon a council (On Papal Power). This allowed the papacy to defend itself from outside attempts to reform it. The papacy argued temporal power was earthly and ever changing, but spiritual power dealt with the after life and was constant, resulting in the papacy seeing itself more powerful than temporal power. Luther

Martin Luther was arguably one of the most important figures in the entire history of Christianity. If the creation of the Lutheran Church was not enough of an accomplishment, he can also be credited with orchestrating the division of the Catholic and Protestant churches. Even as a young Augustinian Monk Martin Luther was convinced the Catholic Church had lost its way. He obsessed over his purity and relationship with God, and strongly believed the Catholic Church had lost its way over the selling of “Indulgences”. Essentially, how the Church misinterpreted and taught the concepts of sin relative to temporal and eternal punishment. He was destined to confront the Catholic Church which he did and ultimately led to the separation events that are still highly relevant to this day. This was the primary driver for the first phase of his rebellion. The second was his German translation of the New Testament, which he used to both teach anyone to read and learn the holy book.

Government is an administration defined by the Constitution, but is also a constantly adjusting foundation by the efforts of its citizens. By Litherland (2014), government is defined as policies set in order to lead a body of people (p. 395). Over the span of time, the idea of government has been stretched, changed, and applied to various communities throughout both the nation and the world. Whether it was back in the eighteenth century, current, or in the very near future—government has existed and will continue to exist for its people and the nation it has built its foundation upon. With the use of multiple authors, those of: “Difference between Direct and Representative Democracy” (n.d.), “Federalism - Dividing Power between States and the

Throughout Common Sense, Thomas Paine shows that he is against Monarchical government, and he says that the government type itself is not a reasonable means of ruling a nation. To support this, he sheds light on several reasons in which a monarchy is a bad choice for government. Paine says that all the power is unbalanced and vested in the hands of a single person, which most of the time leads to the King of the nation using the powers he has, against his people, for the benefit of himself, and those around him. Paine also says that to have hereditary succession of a monarch is complete nonsense. Paine uses his reason to support this case by showing that maybe a nation is lucky and has a well fit ruler as a King, but who is to say the King’s successor will be best fit for the position of King or Queen of a country. The notion that one ruler is fair and just, does NOT guarantee that the successor will be as just or as fair.

According to Aquinas the best form of Earthly government is the presence of a monarch within a state. Monarchies have power over everyone yet justice belongs to all equally. Aquinas’s position on the best earthly form of government derives from his strong position on natural law and moral value. Aquinas believes that a monarchy is the best-suited form of government because it is natural for one person to govern over others. He pushes the idea that a monarch should be wise and just within its approach to rule over the people. If power needed to be constrained Aquinas believed that a constitution would be ideal for diffusion of power within the state. A monarch would also be able to allow a separation between the state and church thus creating two different factors that allow for the common good to be constructed. A good monarch would facilitate survival of individuals within a community and make a conscious effort to promote the voice of the individual being. Aquinas justifies that any monarch that does not follow these basic principals is not flawed, but rather a reflection of the people. A bad monarch would be allowed to rule at the hands of Gods will and his disproval would never be recognized because a bad ruler a method of God communicating his disapproval of the people through the head of state. This ideology left the monarch, as a very powerful figure that could essentially rule without fault and no consequences would be held in his account.

Most of us are member of a state and live within the borders of one. Statehood today refers not merely to a set of institution, but also to a body of attitudes, practices and codes of behavior that we follow consciously and willingly at times, and unconsciously and unwillingly at other times. These codes of behavior could encompass obedience of state laws, obligatory voting in elections, compulsory military training, or conscription. Some political thinkers maintain that the state is the most important concerns of modern political theory. Rights, democracy, equality, liberty, are based on the relationship between state and those living with it. State is consisted with rules and the regulations which we have to follow the rules otherwise punishment are also there if we do not follow the rules and regulation.