1) Define the following terms: (28 points)
Cranial Nerve
12 pairs of somatic nerves (1 left nerve + 1 right nerve each) that are associated with voluntary control of muscles, and usually supply innervation to structures in the head and neck - the exception being the vagus nerve. They are either afferent (sensory), efferent (motor), or a mixture of the two.
Reflex
An autonomic or unconscious response of an effector organ (muscle or gland) to an appropriate stimulus, enacted by a reflex arc.
Homonculus
A miniature but fully formed human being inside sperm from which a fetus was formerly believed to develop. In anatomy it is a somatotopical representation – the sensory homunculus of the sensory cortex (located in the post-central gyri), or the
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It connects with these glands through two distinct pathways. Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus produce chemicals that communicate with the anterior pituitary via the blood vessels in the infundibulum. After the inhibiting and releasing hormones travel through the primary plexus and hypophyseal portal veins, they exit the infundibulum and enter the secondary plexus, another capillary network that is instead located in the anterior pituitary. There they diffuse out into the cells and initiate the production of specific hormones – either tropins (which incite other endocrine glands to release their hormones) or not tropic. Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus produce chemicals that communicate with the posterior pituitary via, again, the infundibulum. The hormones travel the short distance through the axon in vesicles, to be stored in the axon terminals of the posterior pituitary. Action potential produced upon stimulation of the neurosecretory cells initiate release of the stored hormones into a capillary network
Each individual nerve is made up of: afferent nerves and efferent nerves where afferent nerves transmit impulses towards the nervous system from different parts of the body and efferent nerves transmit impulses away from the nervous system to the different parts of the body. The autonomic nervous system is another type of PNS responsible for involuntary actions like movement of heart, lungs, etc.
You can hear your patients monitor beeping behind you as you begin your first surgery as a neurosurgeon. Your heart beats faster and faster, you're sweating like crazy, and then its time. The clock starts and you are handed the scalpel, as you move closer to make your incision you playback in your head all the hard work and dedication you have given to get to the point you are at now. Confidently you make the cut and continue to show off everything you have learned to give you the title of a neurosurgeon.
There are several treatments you can try in order to get relief from your back pain. Some may not work well at all, while others provide the relief you seek. It's often a matter of trial and error to find a treatment that works and that provides the least amount of side effects. One thing your doctor may try is an injection of medication in your back. There are two ways to do this. One is a nerve block and the other is an epidural. Here are the differences between the two.
There are many people who suffer from certain illnesses of the brain that cannot be cured all the time. Although when there is a procedure that can be done to get rid of the pain that some might go through and possibly even cure them, why wouldn’t we want to at least try it? Craniotomy/Trepanation is an example of these types of situations and sometimes it can be a good thing, that does come with its own personal consequences.
The major organs involved in the endocrine system are glands. A gland is an organ that can produce as well as release chemicals. With this body system, endocrine glands make and distribute the chemicals into the bloodstream. There are multiple types of glands that have specific jobs involving the endocrine system. These endocrine glands are: the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, thymus, pancreas, and finally ovaries in females and testes in males. Together, these glands make up more than 30 types of hormones. Each gland has its own job in the body. The hypothalamus, located in the brain, links the nervous system and the endocrine system. It also controls the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is also located in the brain and it receives information from the hypothalamus about the body. This gland controls other endocrine glands and regulates growth, blood pressure, and water balance. The thyroid gland controls the release of energy from food molecules inside cells. The parathyroid controls and regulates the amount of calcium in the blood. The adrenal gland
Out of the twelve cranial nerves, I picked the optic nerve to research on how it can become damaged. Optic nerve damage would be described as any kind of injury or damage to the optic nerve, which is including trauma, inflammation, disease or deterioration. There is another name for optic nerve damage, which is called optic nerve atrophy or optic neuropathy. Optic nerve damage involves vision damage, vision loss, and blindness. Optic nerve damage can result from a various of different things. It can form from Glaucoma, or also known as high blood pressure within the eye, an infection or inflammation, interruption in blood circulation to the optic nerve, cancer, and trauma.
The hypothalamus releasing thyrotropin releasing hormone where the pituitary gland stimulates by the thyroid stimulating hormone. This then targets the thyroid gland.
Pons- The pons, found just above the medulla, allows for a crossover of the motor nerves that carry messages from the brain to the
Pain in the central nervous system is a complex process that has been studied by many researchers. Pain is controlled by certain pathways in the CNS. One of these paths is descending serotonergic system (Millan, 2002). This route originated from the nucleus raphe Magnus (NRM). The main function of the NRM is mostly pain mediation; in fact it sends projections to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to directly inhibit pain (Haines et al., 2013).
The hypothalamus is the bridge between the nervous system and the endocrine system. In terms of the nervous system, the hypothalamus is involved as it receives information from different parts of the nervous system. The hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining homeostasis, including the controlling regulation for body temperature, thirst, and blood pressure. For example the hypothalamus acts as a thermometer for the body (temperature of blood passing hypothalamus acts as thermometer), and in response it stimulates sweating or vasodilation to cool down. Whereas an endocrine organ, the hypothalamus is involved with the pituitary gland. Hormones such as Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, anti-diuretic hormone or corticotrophin hormone are all secreted by the hypothalamus. The release of hormones means it may lead to inhibiting or releasing hormone from the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus is able to work things between the anterior and posterior pituitary due to
I would first enter the room wash my hand and introduce myself to the patient. Then I would verify the patient’s name and date of birth. I would explain that the neurological examination is for the assessment of the patient’s ability to respond to neurons and motor sensory. This would include the patient’s medical history review, age; drug history, family and social history; and physical examination to ensure that the patient’s reflex is responding correctly, but this would not include the deeper investigation such as neuroimaging unless some abnormality have been found.
Cranial nerve assessment is the technique of assessing twelve cranial nerve. This assessment helps to find out the normal cranial nerve functioning, any deviations, or abnormalities. It is important that we should have good knowledge and skill for caring the patient with neurological abnormalities or neurological disorder. Cranial nerve examination involves a number of steps. The nurse should know which nerve is tested next and what test must perform for that nerve. During these procedures, the teacher faces several difficulties, this process of demonstration may not be effective if the teacher is not resourceful, if there is no adequate supply of articles required, if the demonstration is not lively or due to time constraints, are the examples
The function of the Pituitary gland is to produce critical hormones that are chemical substances that condor various bodily functions. It is situated at the base of the mind underneath the hypothalamus, with a pea-sized structure. The hypothalamus is the main center for control of the internal environment. It lies deep inside the forebrain and connects, structurally, and functionally with the pituitary gland. It also signals the pituitary by way of neurosecretory neurons, specialized neurons that release hormones into the blood. Some portion of the endocrine framework. It is joined to by means of nerve strands. The pituitary is divided into three segments.
One of the most complex and fascinating things in the human body is the brain. The body is “capable of almost everything, but it would not be possible, without the brain receiving information, and analyzing the information.”
My top career choice is a neurologist. I have chosen this career because not only is it financially rewarding, I can help people live a better life like I always dreamed of doing as a kid. I want to be the person to be recognized for saving lives. I know that this job would be a lot of hard work, but I think all my time would be worth it saving lives. The brain has always fascinated me since I was little, I was always eager to learn more, and discover more things. I realize that this would be a challenge, but it is a challenge I am up for!