Introduction
This research seeks to examine crossing within polylingual families with contested structure. I analyzed a scene from the television show Trailer Park Boys in which a three member family interact using the concepts of crossing, facework, and footing, in order to answer my research question. I found that the central character uses crossing as a method of performing facework. As a result of this, he also indicates preference and dispreference to his family members.
Theoretical Framework
Crossing involves someone speaking in another language, dialect, or pattern which feels distinctly “other” (Rampton, 2000, p. 54). This can occur in a wide variety of contexts such as first generation Americans using English in a non-English household in order to embrace one cultural system over another. Or, using a different pattern of speech around a significant other’s parents in order to convey positive social values. In the case of the scene I analyzed, the central character’s language is already crossed as he is a white man speaking almost exclusively African American Vernacular English (AAVE). He further uses crossing to interact with his Hispanic girlfriend. As a character, his crossed language is one of his most defining qualities, making him an interesting case study. Because of the character’s use of AAVE as a white man, he can be juxtaposed with ‘Mike’, the person of interest in a study of white teens and AAVE adoption (Cutler, 1999). Mike, like Jamie, the main
For more than 300 years, immigrants from every corner of the globe have settled in America, creating the most diverse and heterogeneous nation on Earth. Though immigrants have given much to the country, their process of changing from their homeland to the new land has never been easy. To immigrate does not only mean to come and live in a country after leaving your own country, but it also means to deal with many new and unfamiliar situations, social backgrounds, cultures, and mainly with the acquisition and master of a new language. This often causes mixed emotions, frustration, awkward feelings, and other conflicts. In Richard Rodriguez’s essay “Aria: Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood”, the author
I will get into the Linguistic Double Consciousness,” this article is about the mindset and ideologies and also it gets into code meshing. From my understand on this article its getting that a lot of African Americans have to switch up when they are speaking to a Caucasian person and they also have to mind how people are thinking of their behaviors, for example this article points how African Americans have to code mesh when it comes to school they are more likely have to do things that they may not be very use to. This would mean if an African American kid is thought different when they are at home it’s going to be harder for them to mesh in the classroom with other none blacks.
Migrants are effected by the language used to describe them. Researchers have been attempting to prove the how and the why of this statement. To do so they have explored family dynamics, deportation laws, childhood development, language framing, gender neutral language, racialization and criminalization. Scholars in many fields have addressed these important questions. Within Linguistic Anthropology, scholars such as Sarah Gallo (2014) and Hilary Parsons Dick (2011) have explored the role of language in shaping immigrant communities. Within Legal Anthropology and Law reviews, meanwhile, scholars such as Phyllis Chock (1996) and Olivia
In Richard Rodriguez's essay , “ Aria: A Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood ” he writes about how he struggled as a child who only spoke Spanish language but lives in a society where the “public” language is English . He believes that speaking proper English will somehow help him fit into society and find his “true” identity. Throughout the essay he contrast the Spanish language identity and English language identity. As a young boy, Rodriguez finds consolation and safety in his home where they only speak Spanish. He feels that he only has a true identity when he is at home surrounded by those who speak the same language as him . On the contrary , he becomes trapped and disoriented when not being able to speak / understand the English language . He feels as if he is not part of “their world” and has no identity in society. By comparing and contrasting Spanish language identity and English language identity . Rodriguez's essay is an example that speaking different languages should not make anyone choose an identity . In fact being able to speak and understand multiple languages in his case Spanish and English makes the language a part of his identity, but with two different sides .
Amy Tan and Junot Diaz on their stories they talked about they don’t speak their languages. Both of them find it difficult to speak different languages like Junot Diaz he went Santo Domingo for a vacation with his wife and it’s been twenty years that he has been over and people over there looking at him cause he doesn’t look Dominican and he barely speaks Spanish. For Amy tan she talked about how her mother was a stockbroker in New York and the people she work with doesn’t understand her English and she is Chinese. People this world will look at different cause of your Ethnicity and if you don’t speak their language they will treat wrong.
In the examining and writing my analysis of the article Mother Tongue by Amy Tan, I hope to appeal to an audience that wishes to expand their knowledge of the cultural use of various languages and their social impacts. In this case, the language would be English and the culture would be that of Asian-Americans. I would think that this work, and the analysis of, would primarily be of interest to those in academic or research fields of sociology and language. I would hope the reader of my analysis would be interested in gaining insight into how using a “broken” English system heavily influences one’s communication and feeling towards those outside of your culture. The analysis would benefit the reader by
“How to Tame a Wild Tongue” is published in Borderlands/La Frontera, by Gloria Anzaldua and “the book talks about how she is concerned with many kinds of borders--between nations, cultures, classes, genders, and languages.” Anzaldua gives many examples of how she felt when being classified as a Chicana. Her thesis in this is that she is “arguing for the ways in which identity is intertwined with the way we speak
English is an invisible gate. Immigrants are the outsiders. And native speakers are the gatekeepers. Whether the gate is wide open to welcome the broken English speakers depends on their perceptions. Sadly, most of the times, the gate is shut tight, like the case of Tan’s mother as she discusses in her essay, "the mother tongue." People treat her mother with attitudes because of her improper English before they get to know her. Tan sympathizes for her mother as well as other immigrants. Tan, once embarrassed by her mother, now begins her writing journal through a brand-new kaleidoscope. She sees the beauty behind the "broken" English, even though it is different. Tan combines repetition, cause and effect, and exemplification to emphasize
The "Public and Private Language", by Richard Rodriguez and "Mother Tongue", by Amy Tan are great examples of how two immigrant families can have their similarities and differences. For a long time, the American people have looked at immigrants through their own eyes and perspectives. Never do people think to change gears and walk in the footsteps of a stranger. In this case, people need to look through the eyes of an immigrant and see that one immigrant family is not the same as the other. The different people may have connections with the same or different cultures, however, they have different obstacles and hardships with adjusting to a new way of living.
Leslie Marmon Silko’s novel, Ceremony, reveals how the crossing of cultures was feared, ridiculed, and shunned in various Native American tribes. The fear of change is a common and overwhelming fear everyone faces at some point in their life. The fear of the unknown, the fear of letting go, and the fear of forgetting all play a part in why people struggle with change. In Ceremony the crossing of cultures creates “half-breeds,” usually bringing disgrace to their family’s name. In Jodi Lundgren’s discourse, “Being a Half-breed”, is about how a girl who struggles with understanding what cultural group she fits into since she is a “half-breed.” Elizabeth Evasdaughter’s essay, “Leslie Marmon Silko’s “Ceremony”: Healing Ethnic Hatred by
Most families share similar issue. Regardless of race, wealth, or even religion, all families, at some point, hardships or even joys to share. In Alice Walker’s “Everyday Use” a family is force to face issues caused by poverty, misunderstandings, and separations. Momma, Maggie, and Dee all seems to appreciate their heritage, but the problem is that they do not view the same way. This lack of understanding is universal. In “Everyday Use” the family shares similarities and differences with my family concerning the disrespect, sibling relationships, and hard working parents.
Unconsciously, we all speak different languages; we categorize the way we speak by the environment and people at which we are speaking too. Whenever a character enters an unfamiliar environment, they experiment with language to find themselves and understand reality. For immigrants, language is a means to retain one’s identity; however, as they become more assimilated in their new communities their language no longer reflects that of their identity but of their new cultural surroundings. When an immigrant, immigrates to a new country they become marginalized, they’re alienated from common cultural practices, social ritual, and scripted behavior. It’s not without intercultural communication and negotiation
Chang-Rae Lee’s Native Speaker expresses prominent themes of language and racial identity. Chang-Rae Lee focuses on the struggles that Asian Americans have to face and endure in American society. He illustrates and shows readers throughout the novel of what it really means to be native of America; that true nativity of a person does not simply entail the fact that they are from a certain place, but rather, the fluency of a language verifies one’s defense of where they are native. What is meant by possessing nativity of America would be one’s citizenship and legality of the country. Native Speaker suggests that if one looks different or has the slightest indication that one should have an accent, they will be viewed not as a native of
There are many noticeable similarities between the episode “Lamont Goes African” of the Sanford & Son TV series, and the short story “Everyday Use” by Alice Walker, amongst which the obvious confrontation between child and parent, and one’s desire to belong to an idealized culture. In both the sitcom and the literary work, the opposition between both parties revolves around first one, rejecting their true heritage and a harsh imposed reality that transformed them and their family into what they are now, and the second one embracing their family, and its origins. This type of behavior can be observed by the way Dee and Lamont change their names to Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo and Kalunda respectively. By doing so, both reject their real names,
Yorkville Crossing: White Teens, hip hop, and African American English written by Cecilia Cutler examined the transition of Mike in and out of black culture. Mike lived in one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in New York City, Yorkville; however, he attempted to integrate himself into black culture by using African American Vernacular English (AAVE). Cutler describes AAVE origins and culture associated with the way of speaking. The paper begins by arguing that Hatala’s work on Carla was not representative because she was not a native speaker. Cutler dives into Mike’s background to explain where she explains his home life, school life, and contrasted his background from Carla’s. Mike went to an exclusive, expensive private school, and was raised in a good family (Cutler, 1999).