Defensible Space was first introduced as a “model for residential environments”. The idea was to “inhibit crime by creating the physical expression of a social fabric that defends itself” (Newman, 1972:3), which “could arguably be achieved by the manipulation of architectural and design elements” (Newman, 1972; Coaffee, 2003:18). The model has four elements of physical design which act to contribute to the creation of secure environments: territoriality, natural surveillance, image and milieu. Newman states that territoriality is “the capacity of the physical environment to create perceived zones of territorial influences” (1972:51). Thus with the use of real or symbolic barriers, the built environment should be subdivided into clearly …show more content…
This would create a “stand-off distance” that would minimizes the risk to which the facility is exposed (FEMA, 2003a, 2003b). The second issue talks about guarding surroundings of site or providing outdoor circle of security. These should be chosen, located and designed to stop or delay an intruder (especially large scale carrier of weapon), not provide any concealing cover for surprise attacks or possible bombs, and be impossible to use as a natural ladder to gain entry to upper levels of the structure (Craighead, 2003; FEMA, 2003a; Fennelly, 1997; GSA, 2003; Kozlow and Sullivan, 2000) The basic physical attributes of a place that are considered to influence perception of security are: prospect (visual openness), escape and refuge (Appleton, 1975; Fisher and Nasar, 1992; Holahan,1982; Kaplan, et al., 1998; Nasar and Jones, 1997; Newman, 1972; Tijerino, 1998; Ulrich, 1993). According to this analysis a concrete façade may seem to provide
Using that terminology, a solid, concrete façade, may seem to provide a greater level of protection refuge compared to a glass façade. Whereas a glass façade can be considered as of better prospect as it provides a greater visual openness also a glass façade provide a greater opportunity to escape and may indicate less entrapment. In addition the different qualities of the built environment influence the sense of security of the building as a factor of the level of terrorism threat differs. In less level
School buildings are targets just like another other buildings, so why don’t they have shelters in them?
Fencing is used when access to the site needs to be prevented. They can be used to prevent access to the public and the workers making them use a designated entrance to site. This will make sure the members of the public cannot wander
This article addresses how modern constructed public buildings are often unsafe. This is because most of them include big windows and large open spaces designed to inspire patrons of the building. Instead of fortressing these structures, this piece suggests renovating the entrances. This agrees with the essay in the way both stress the importance of front-end security. It gives many helpful tips at further improving entrance security. Atlas does mention not wanting to make schools
From the beginning of my architectural education I have been inspired and influenced by political realities and issues throughout Canada and the wider world. Discussions relating to how architecture participates in political change, conflict, movements, and other events have refined, shaped and sustained my interest in the field. Growing up in suburban Winnipeg I have been continuously struck by the lack of architectural authenticity, consideration and intention found on the fringes of the city. These monotonous architectural landscapes promote and enable political inactivity. Among and in-between the many strip malls, condominiums and stucco-clad houses, there is no space for political activism or protest. In a reality where consumerism
The security of the United States and living without being under a constant threat should be very important to all citizens and those who visit this country. The research revealed some interesting facts, it is impossible to secure every commercial building, airport, bridge, bypass, and government building. One element of the security is that terrorists will not have the ability to attack every place in the United States. However, everything is a possible target and terrorists want to do as damage as possible and cause the greatest amount of disruption in our way of life as possible.
Commercial buildings have increased their security measures due to bombings and terrorist attacks. Generally, they have security policies and an emergency management program that includes evacuation procedures. As far as access control is concerned, they have a reception desk in the lobby to control access into the building, confirm appointments of all visitors and issue temporary ID badges, and issue identification cards to all personnel and tenants that have their photograph and signature (“Security Tips”, 2006). Commercial buildings require the use of I.D. cards for access and require that cards be displayed at all times on the premises (“Security Tips”, 2006). Additionally, shipping and receiving areas have restricted access and is monitored by closed-circuit television surveillance (“Security Tips”, 2006). Security personnel are suitably selected and trained.
In Mark Davidson’s article, ‘Displacement, Space and Dwelling: Placing Gentrification Debate’, he cites several contemporary case studies where certain deteriorated areas have been targeted for redevelopment and subsequent evictions have taken place. Using several philosophical authors, such as Heidegger and Lefebvre, Davidson’s focuses on the effect spatial metaphors have on displacement, and how these concepts tie into the conceptualization of space. In this paper I will compile a thorough summary of the article and formulate a comprehensive analysis of Davidson’s arguments as well as his sources.
Parking as described seems to be an afterthought. As stated it should be masked from the sidewalk, and laid out in a manner that it can be converted to other uses. Mainly they discuss off street parking, masked parking garages, and back alleys that should be no more than 24 feet wide max to include utilities, back garages, and trash
For years’ people have looked for something to for sure symbolizes safety; or look up to and after searching they finally found it on January 15, 1943 and that were the Pentagon. The reason is because the Pentagon was built to be the headquarters of the USA department of defense which makes people feel safe. Therefore, on September 11, 2001 the most mind blowing attack happen that hit the Pentagon that left many Americans in grief. This left many Americans puzzled because this couldn’t have been just an easy plan it had to be well planned out. Therefore, we are going to explore the: history of the building, also the history of the attack plan, deadly strike, rescuers, and how they were able to cope and push through this tragedy.
41. Don’t Be an Easy Target! How HVM Bollards Protect Commercial Properties from Vehicular Terrorism
The focus of this assessment is to identify safety concerns about the physical structures of the University of Texas at San Antonio Downtown campus. Throughout the assessment there were several safety issues that were noted those which include but are not limited to lack of ramps, proximity of buildings, placement of cameras, parking lot safety, place of emergency evacuation chairs, placements of fire extinguishers and AED’s. It is very important to be aware of safety concerns students, faculty, and staff may encounter to keep the university not only safe but also secure.
The main entrance to a building creates the first impression of the whole facility. This gives the end user an overall impression of the building and what it has to offer. Once that impression is made it is hard for it to be unmade. One must continually ask how the threshold will be addressed, how will the materials be used in order to create the necessary feeling that the building needs to present to its end users.
In the Cheever building, there are thick solid core doors which (many) lock is advantageous to mitigating a Hostile Actor. The “Shelter in Place” in the classrooms and smaller rooms strategy is acceptable for both upstairs and down, while the “Out and Away” strategy is best for the large Sanctuary portion of the Cheever building when confronting a Hostile Actor. Recommend discussion of additional door methods of securing doors, such as tactical door wedges . (Figure F)
Everyday we live and move through spaces without realizing the influence they can have on our daily lives. Built environments are designed to directly affect behaviour and attitudes in a specific and intended way; this can be referred to as architectural determinism (Marmot 2002). Almost all architectural patterns use the physical arrangement of elements, and materials to influence behavior. This can range from placing design elements in specific places to encourage or discourage people’s interaction with them, placing them to prevent access to a specific area, or placing them to direct or
“ Architecture organizes and structures space for us, and its interiors and the objects enclosing and inhabiting its rooms can facilitate or inhibit our activities by the way they use this language”(Lawson pg.6).