To find the differences in warfare during the Napoleonic Wars that point towards total war, this research paper will analyze two distinct battles: The Glorious First of June (1794) and The Battle of Trafalgar (1805). Both battles took place during the Napoleonic Wars. Through these two battles, one can see the distinct changes in warfare after 1792. In the two battles during the Napoleonic Wars, new strategy and tactics will be detailed of which describe the significant changes in naval warfare.
The first battle worth discussing is The Glorious First of June, which took place towards the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars. According to Nicholas Blake of the Navy Records Society: “On 1st of June 1794, the French fleet consisted of twenty-six
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This battle took place in 1805 and is largely considered to be one that decided the war at sea during the Napoleonic Wars. With Lord Nelson dying in the Battle of Trafalgar, Vice Admiral Collingwood provides a glimpse of what the British hoped to achieve in the battle: “[T]he conflict was severe; the enemy's ships were fought with a gallantry highly honourable to their officers, but the attack on them was irresistible, and it pleased the Almighty Disposer of all Events, to grant his Majesty's arms a complete and glorious victory.” The Battle of Trafalgar followed in the footsteps of The Glorious First of June in that they both had the end goal of achieving decisive victories that had the potential to change the course of the war. Collingwood not only gives a sense of nationalism comparable to Lord Howe, but he also conveys a sense of necessity or urgency to engage in conflict. An important nuance of total war stems from the need to constantly be in battle; to always want to engage an enemy and see the battle through to the bitter end. These arguments are further exemplified within Collingwood’s final thoughts: “I fear the numbers that have fallen will be found very great, when the returns come to me; but it having blown a gale of wind ever since the action.” Even with fears of “great” numbers being sacrificed in battle, the Royal Navy continued to press forward. To the British, the number sacrificed meant little in comparison to the necessity and glory of defeating the French. Moreover, Nelson prepared the men for battle by saying: “My Noble lads, this will be a glorious day for England, whoever lives to see it. I shan’t be satisfied with twelve ships this day, as I took at the Nile.” Nelson explicitly stated his desire for an even more decisive victory than in previous battles, showing a remarkable sense of dissatisfaction with mediocre results. Only massive wins would be counted as
On March 3rd, 1813, the first British ships of war appeared on the Chesapeake Bay. For two years the Chesapeake would be the scene of numerous amounts of battles. Some would be lost in anonymity, but others would make history. But first, why did the British come? We were at war almost thirty years before, so how did it come upon these two superpower nations to collide once again? A few answers to these questions will put the war of 1812 and the Battle of the Chesapeake Bay in its proper context.
In 1777 the first battle of Saratoga took place. This was a battle the Americans fought hard and won. This provided reassurance to the French king, Louis XVI, that the Americans were going
Early into the 19th century, The United States would face one of its biggest tests yet as a very young nation. When the U.S. would have to face Great Britian in an American Revolution rematch that would be called the War of 1812. In my essay I will talk about the events that led to the start of the War of 1812, American opposition to the going to war with the British, and about major key events that happened during the United States second ever war with England.
A. After capturing Fort Mackinac on Michilimackinac Island in Lake Huron in July of 1812, General Brock got the Natives around the Great Lakes and their leader Tecumseh to fight for the British.
The War of 1812 is regarded by many historians as a second revolutionary war for the United States. Fought between England and the new America, it became a symbol of the United States being able to preserve its sovereignty. The Jeffersonians pushed for war after having their free trade and liberty encroached upon because of the policies of impressment and the Orders-in-Council. Historians disagree on the origins of the war, but this paper will attempt to answer that question by weighing the opinions of two historians. Reginald Horsman believes that had there been no Napoleonic wars, England would not have needed sailors and a replenished economy; nor would it have put in place the policies that forced the Americans to war.
After poor execution of the Battle of New Orleans it was ordered that the British stand down and withdrawal from the United States. The British and great plans to take artillery and use it against the American Militia, but the failed execution of taking the artillery proved the British were doomed to lose the Battle. Although leadership was poor there were also control issues between the soldiers and their commanders. Cochrane gave command to inefficient officers and this was a factor in the failure of British troops not staying to fight. Many soldiers knew the battle was over and when they were being decimated many abandoned the
The War of 1812 was a conflict that took place between the United Kingdom and the United States of America from 1812 to 1815 (Schultz 151). The UK had support from their Native American allies and the North American colonies. By the time the war came to an end, a lot of issues had been resolved, and the American boundaries remain untouched. In order to understand the impact that the war had on the country, it would be necessary to highlight is cause, the course of events while comparing the major theatres of battle.
In August 1812, Isaac Hull captain of the USS Constitution battled British ship HMS Guerriere. US won this battle! While the US did win many battles at sea, this did little to help win the war.
The U.S. army felt that they had a fairly good chance even though they unprepared. Although they overestimated theirself, as they were facing Sir Isaac Brock. He was the administrator of upper Canada and a well-managed defense line. August sixteenth, 1812 the U.S. suffered a humiliating loss, when Brock and Tecumseh’s forces chased Hull back across the border. They scared him into surrender without any shots fired.
Before the War of 1812 and the Napoleonic Wars, Britain controlled waters very close to America’s shoreline. Britain protected Americas ships heading to Europe. When the Napoleonic Wars broke out, Britain began to impress American sailors into their Navy to fight in the Napoleonic Wars. They als along with France created Laws that interfered with America's trade with Europe. They were forced to stop at Britain to go to France and forced to stop at France to go to Britain.
Did you know that the French and Indian War is also called “The seven years war?” The war got it’s name because it lasted seven years, from 1754-1763. The name French and Indian War is mostly used in united states referring to two main enemies of british colonists; the french and the indian allies who helped them. The war was between the british and french to gain power and establishment over Ohio River Valley.
Both sides in the American war for independence had advantages and disadvantages. The British used the disciplined line formations that were commonplace throughout Europe to great effect, possessed a vast overseas empire, but had many powerful enemies. The American colonists used tactics similar to the native Americans, ambushing before disappearing into the forest and they knew the terrain very well. The Americans also received support from the rivals of the British such as the French and Spanish.
The alternate outcome for the Battle of Lake Trasimene is that the Roman army was able to defeat Hannibal and his army. The key factor that will be analyzed will be the use of the Intelligence Warfighting Function combined with the use of reconnaissance and surveillance from the Movement and Maneuver Warfighting Function. The reason for this combination is because the capabilities of the reviewed time period. While there is risk in making this assumption, it is reasonable to assess that at the time of the Battle of Lake Trasimene, reconnaissance and surveillance and intelligence would have been complimentary, if not similar, functions.
Napoleon’s self-defeating actions had a greater impact in his defeat than British strategic performance because of a suboptimal integration of policy, strategy, and operations. First, the Emperor’s political desire for French hegemony led to a strategic overextension from which France was unable to recover. Second, Napoleon’s poor naval strategy inadequately armed the French Navy with a fleet capable of competing with the British Royal Navy. Third, Napoleon’s lack of decentralized execution and his desire for absolute operational control at the organizational level led to his demise. This essay will then examine the counterargument and rebuttal that British strategic performance mattered more to Napoleon’s defeat than the Emperor’s self-defeating actions because of a British strategy of selective engagement.
The military revolution was a direct outcome of changes in the virtuosity of war between 1560 and 1660. The changes crucially influenced campaigning and combat in Europe during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The most influential alterations included transformation in weapons, growth in the army size, change in tactics and organization, and centralization of the states’ bureaucracies. There were many battles in the late 17th and early 18th centuries that were highly influenced by the implications of the military revolution, for example, the Battles of Hogue, Danube, and Blenheim. These altercations started a development for military superiority and increased proficiency that enabled Europe to dominate the world long after the Wars of the Spanish Succession. However, I would like to emphasize that those victories mentioned above were heavily influenced by the skills of the commanding individuals and their roles in the military organizational system rather than a full internalization of the revolution’s implications overall. The Duke of Marlborough is a great example of an individual overweighting the flaws of the late 17th century logistical systems to his advantage. By comparison, France’s failure to understand and implement the alterations eventually enabled the rise of Britain’s at the French expense.