COMPARISON OF THE FORMAL AND AGILE APPROACHES TO SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT, UNIT 11
Sophie Pritchard
CONTENTS
Introduction 3
Different stages of a life-cycle 4
The formal approach: 4 the waterfall approach: 4
The Agile approach: 7
Prototyping: 7
Conclusion 9
INTRODUCTION
A system is created to solve problems, for example, work out someone’s wages. The systems approach can be said to be an organised way of dealing and solving the problem.
A life cycle in system analysis is a term used to describe a process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an information system. The systems development life-cycle concept applies to a range of hardware and software configurations, as a system can be composed of hardware only, software only, or a combination of both.
General system development life-cycles that exist include: o Waterfall – stages, requirements, design, implementation, verification, maintenance. o Agile – stages, define requirements, integrate & test(X3), feedback, approved? yes=release to market, no= record & incorporate changes, adjust & track, next iteration (back to beginning). o Spiral – plan, test, analyses, development of testing (back to the beginning until everything is complete and there are not problems found in testing.)
(sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle)
DIFFERENT STAGES OF A LIFE-CYCLE
THE FORMAL APPROACH:
THE WATERFALL APPROACH:
The waterfall model is a sequential
The system development life cycle is a formal four-step process that can be followed in order to identify a problem and solve it. The first step is
A system is “A set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole” (robbins 2006), and Systems theory is the
Each database development methodology is linked with a development life cycle model. System development life cycle is a sequence of activities that is performed when a system is analyses, designed and implemented. The two most common ones are Waterfall and Rapid Applications Development (RAD). The life cycle that is usually linked with SSADM is Waterfall.
The next step in the process is system analysis. This second stage involves gathering requirements, such as documenting the strengths and weaknesses of the current system, having discussions with the users to understand their roles and needs. This is an integral part of the life cycle as employees are the most important asset a company has. Baya, Gruman, & Mathaisel state, “information technology
The three developmental stages of drawing are the scribble stage, basic forms stage, and the pictorial stage. The scribble stage starts at about 1 1/2 – 2 years of age, during this stage, children make disordered or random scribbling and eventually they make controlled scribbles. At first, they make random scribbles, but as they practice more and more and begin to understand that they are actually making marks on paper, they begin to make controlled scribbles. Next, children begin the basic forms/preschematic stage, this happens during 3-4 years. During this stage, children begin to draw shapes instead of scribbles. During this time, children also develop their hand-eye coordination and muscle control. The last stage is the pictorial stage;
The three stages; germinal, embryonic, and fetal, during the prenatal development happen during when a zygote turns into a baby. Attachments or emotional bonds start to form with caregivers early on and promote a successful growth in a child’s life successfully. During the first year of life it is so important to take time to establish and shape the child’s ability to bond and create attachments in relationships in future meetings in life. During this time we begin to see comprehension and language progress very quickly. When puberty hits there is an increase in weight and height and many other body changes that are brought on by adolescence.
I am in a new phase of life which I would describe as a slower pace. Even though I maintain a full life and workload, I see God’s hand in everything. My children are grown, so there is no more running around like a crazy woman to get them ready for school, no more extra-curricular activities, and thankfully No More Homework! (well at least their homework).
There are three developmental stages before birth: zygote, embryo, fetus. During the first phase, Zygote is when a cell that is formed when an egg and sperm is combined. The second phase is the embryo. This is when the female is in the early stages of development before the unborn baby or fetus is born. The last phase is the fetus. This phase is when the female is in the last stages of her pregnancy.
I believe that adult development theory is not sufficiently emphasized in our psychology and counseling training schools. This is unfortunate, because I believe it offers a unique and helpful perspective to the task of psychotherapy. Because I wish to offer to my prospective patients some idea of the importance of this topic, and how it informs my clinical practice, I offer below a synopsis of the theory and its development.
Identity is what makes individuals unique, and is something that most people spend their whole lives figuring out. Society today encourages creativity and individuality, but only according to what is deemed as "morally and ethically" right and/ or appropriate. LGBT individuals fit under this "not-so right" category. LGBT stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender. They are a community that unifies and unites people that have "abnormal" sexual orientation. LGBT promotes all gender acceptance and fights for equality. According to Erik Erikson's Stages of Development, between the ages 11 and 18, identity is the positive disposition. The identity stage is debated to be the most crucial, critical, and difficult stage of development, due the fact that some people may never find their true identity. LGBT students are shamed and ridiculed for who they are; they are chewed up and
Life is broken down into stages. From conception to birth a person is at their most vulnerable point. Developing into a toddler and growing up into a child is when a person 's life beings to take shape. Adding to this shape is the growth into a teenager making important choices and an adult to figuring out who you are leading on to a senior and the elderly having went through these stages now old and back to their fragile state. Ultimately life ends in the unavoidable outcome, death. From conception to death, these are the stages of life.
Soren Kierkegaard claimed that there are three distinct life stages: the aesthetic stage, the ethical stage, and the religious stage.
Many different definitions can be found in the vast literature that has addressed system thinking, but they all seem to have consensus that, system thinking is holistic, a new mind set for understanding how things work. System thinking is integral, in both, the analysis of situations as well as in its conclusions. It proposes solutions that take into account diverse elements and relationships that form the system and the environment in which it exits, and as such it can be used as a tool, as a new language and as a new perspective.
Peter Senge and Andres Edwards expressed the importance of system thinking in that it is necessary for “understanding the dynamic complexity of a situation”, anticipating “the unintended consequences of proposed actions” and implementing “lasting solutions” (Higgins, K 2014).
An iterative life cycle model does not endeavor to begin with a full particular of necessities. Rather, advancement starts by determining and executing simply part of the product, which can then be checked on so as to recognize further prerequisites. This procedure is then rehashed, delivering another variant of the product for every cycle of the model. (Rastogi, 2015)