Discussion Question Answers
“When Computers Wore Skirts:” Katherine Johnson, Christine
Darden, and the “West Computers”
1. Compare Katherine Johnson’s and Christine Darden’s life and experience at NASA. How were their experiences similar? How were they different?
- Both were hired for a seperated pool of women computers rather than higher-status engineers. - Johnson was hired for a segregated all-black computer pool, for Darden, the computer pool was all women, but it was mixed race.
- Johnson calculated and programmed flight paths from known technical specifications. Darden designed experiments and did research to come up with new technologies and physical laws.
- Johnson never became an administrator, but Darden became technical leader
…show more content…
However, she submitted her application and became part of the computer pool because of her math background.
- Christine Darden asked her supervisor why women were always hired as computers or data analysts while men were hired as engineers. When he couldn’t answer her, she asked to do her own research and became an engoineer herself.
4. How was the computer pool organized? How did the computers receive assignments? How did this change over time?
- There was a pool of white women computers and a segregated pool of black women computers. Both computer pools would hand-run calculations given to them by male engineers.
Prepared by the Center for History of Physics at AIP 2
- The Engineering section would either come to the head of the “computers” and tell them what they wanted done, or they would ask for one of the computers to come work on a specific engineering project.
- First, female computers started used mechanical calculators to assist them in their calculations.
Then, they started programming electronic computers to run their calculations. For a while, they would check the electronic computers calculations by hand.
- [Female] Computers transitioned to programming electronic computers. If the [female] computer had a math degree they were taught programming so that they could work on the electronic computers.
5. What major historical events led to the first African American women being able to work at
NASA?
- World War II led to a
Burea of Labor Statistics. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Aug. 2011. . The Computer software engineers or programmers have to have a lot of schooling and know a lot of things to do their job. To be a Computer engineer or programmer you have to at least a bachelor’s degree and have some knowledge of computer systems and technologies. Computer engineers and programmers may have to go back to school so they can learn thing about the job that they are doing, for an example if someone is writing a program for a hospital, they may need to go back to school to learn some medical terms or medical things. So when they program something that has to do with medical or engineering,ect. The computer programmer will know what words mean and how
Sherrie Wilson “They Forgot Mammy Had A Brain” chapter is one that discusses a variety of pressures that an African American woman may encounter in a work environment. The chapter uses professor, Andra, in a college setting to discuss these pressures from her own experience at a PWI university. In the chapter many pressures were mentioned; double marginalization, designated visibility, racial battle fatigue, and the historical mammy concept, all of which were apart of Andra’s experience.
Mary is painfully aware any daughter of hers would have been shut out of the competition because of her gender, but is also grateful that the racial barrier, at least, has been broken. For her part, faced with the rise of electronic computers, Dorothy Vaughan teaches herself the programming language FORTRAN so that she can program the computers that will replace her, thereby saving her job.
Katherine Goble (Henson) is presented with a chance to join the big leagues, where thoughts are drifted and choices are made. As an unfortunate yet unique fact, no coloured man or woman had ever been chosen for it, with Goble being the first. There is a separate pot for her tea however not a different washroom for her. To excuse herself, she needs to rush to the opposite end of the grounds, a half of a mile away to the ‘coloured women room'. In spite of every one of these difficulties, her splendor as a mathematician ensures she sparkles the brightest among her tea-sustained, frequently privileged, white male
After the World War II, the African Americans found a renewed effort to end racism. They were all willing to provide their minimum help to take
Her Denver-based company, Pipeline, uses a combination of data, software and artificial intelligence to show companies the gain that will come from closing the gender equity pay gap in their own businesses. She founded it to say, “Not on my watch,” to gender inequities.
Throughout history African Americans have not had it easy. Blacks in America have had a long struggle to gain equality and freedom, which still exists to this day. The years 1917 to 1945 were particularly tough for African Americans. Racial discrimination was at a high and segregation laws enforced the idea that blacks were inferior to the whites. African Americans desired to escape the unfair treatment and obtain equal rights, but found themselves stuck. The two World Wars drew African Americans North in search of jobs in the war industry, only to find once they arrived more discrimination and inequality. Events such as the ‘Black Renaissance’ and the Great Depression created a sense of black pride and confidence in African Americans. Together, the African Americans’ frustration towards discrimination and their new sense of solidarity would be the basis for the Civil Rights movement to come in following years.
As Roosevelt did for the women, she also provided job opportunities for African American people. The White House staff was
Technology is becoming a bigger part of this world every day, and programmers are needed for every bit of it. Anything that is at all electric involves programming. Someone has to program the street lights to run at certain times. Someone has to program your phone and all of the applications on it. Someone has to program the computer that you’re reading this off of. Programmers are essential to everyday life, and without them, there would be no working technology.
He explains that “computers” don’t write papers. The building doesn’t have a restroom for her to use and she must go back to the west building to use the facilities and gets in trouble for taking too long of a break. She defies cultural boundaries and yells at the head of the department. In one of the most inspiring moments the head of the department takes a crowbar to the sign for colored women outside the restroom while all the women watch.
Katherine, receiving a promotion in her computing job, transferred to a spacious room filled with white men and their cubicles. She was the only colored person in her office and faced extreme racial prejudice. Katherine was provided with a “colored” coffee pot by which had no coffee, simply disabling her from being able to drink coffee from their own pot. Additionally, she lost hours of work, around 40 minutes at a time, literally sprinting back and forth to the only “colored” restroom a half a mile away several times a day to simply go to the bathroom (Robinson). Katherine also computed all of the numbers on reports, but her white male coworker’s name was printed on the top instead of hers. She also received many sarcastic remarks, predominantly from Paul Stafford, such as calling her job to check their accuracy in their numbers a “dummy check.” She even faced prejudice from the
Being a woman programmer “put [her] at one remove from the general society of programmers” (728). Ullman expresses that there is a good ratio when having four women in 24-person company. According to a new study, in the U.S, the average percentage of technology jobs held by women has actually fallen over the past few years. It is plain to see that sexism today is much as same as Ullman describes, or even worse. Ullman mentions that despite of many rule of laws and social activism, women are still inferior to men. Moreover, she gives some advice for women who are facing with sexism at work by either fighting back or looking for another job. No matter how the choices these women make, they can not eliminate the fact that “the prejudice [always] follows [them]” (729). Ullman strongly recommends women to “[tack] into the love of the word” and keep in mind why they pursued that job in the first place. By doing that will “create a suspension of time, opens a spacious room of [their] own in which [they] can walk around and consider [their] response”
One day, a white woman working as a streetcar conductor implied that Maya could never get the job. So from that day, Maya made it her goal to prove her wrong, “I WOULD HAVE THE JOB. I WOULD BE A CONDUCTRESS AND SLING A FULL MONEY CHANGER FROM MY BELT. I WOULD (268.) Maya surely knew she would indeed prove this rude conductress and anybody else who dare challenge her, wrong. She was persistent and let everybody know it; she was not to be easily silenced in her goals. Everyday afterward, Maya’s mother awoke her bright and early. She would arrive earlier than anyone else, even the receptionists, to get the job. “I sat in the railway office, ostensibly waiting to be interviewed” (269.) At first, she was dismissed; nobody took her seriously. But after realizing Maya was not going anywhere, she was reluctantly hired. This was a beyond huge win for Maya. A sort of “sticking it to the man” by showing her unwilling stubbornness to give up. But this triumph did not come without woes, “My work shifts were split maliciously” (270.) Even In her victory people looked down still on Maya’s success. However, she would not submit to others expectations of her, but rather what she defined as her personal
The sixth question topic is “Community” The first question I asked is “What is a community to you?” She said I’m a mother of my children, Wife and a noisy neighbor. The Next question is “Do you ever help out in your community? What are some of the things you do?” She said I well. I’m working hard in my workplace and I’m very well raise my children. Next question is “What are some things that you would change about bad communities?” She said The immigrant to America. I asked why? She said the first time I’m didn’t adapted to culture and I had disappointed for American culture. Next question is “Tell me about your community that you live in.” She said I’m can’t special person in America. Because It is still not figure out my language problem.
Although, she is put on a high pedestal and placed at the top of the hierarchy of all employees, her only power comes from a social aspect. Therefore, this implies that women are only capable of working in careers that involve social