Bluetongue disease is a severe haemorrhagic disease affecting ruminants, mainly sheep, which is caused by the Bluetongue virus (BTV). The Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) strain has the ability to transmit transplacentally in pregnant ruminants, a characteristic rarely reported in other serotypes. Prior to the emergence of BTV-8 in Europe in 2006, other serotypes of BTV have been present in Europe for more than ten years but there has been no evidence of transplacental transmission in these strains. The purpose of the journal article is to verify whether transplacental transmission is exclusive to BTV-8. The incidence and pathological effect of transplacental transmission of BTV-8 was compared to BTV-1. At approximately 70-75 days gestation, nine pregnant ewes were infected with BTV-8, another nine pregnant ewes were inouculated with BTV-1, and two other ewes acted as the untreated control. Field strains were used for preparation of both BTV strains. The strains were isolated on embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) before being passed twice on mammalian cells. The presence of BTV in the bloodstream was monitored by taking blood samples. 29 days after the inoculation, all the ewes were euthanized. Then, the ewes and foetuses were examined for signs of pathological changes and the presence of BTV. The results showed that BTV-8 was present in 12 foetuses (43%) from 5 ewes (56%). On the other hand, BTV-1 was found in 14 foetuses (82%) from 6 ewes (67%). Most of the pathological
The Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus is basically pigs pooping themselves to death. It is cells, lining the small intestine, being infected, causing major diarrhea and dehydration. This only occurs in pigs. Also, this virus spreads rapidly from one pig to all ages of pigs, hints epidemic. Moreover, PEDV was identified
West Nile Virus has emerged in recent years throughout the temporate zones of Europe and North America. Causing a variety of conditions in its hosts, the most serious manifestation of WN virus infection is fatal encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in humans and horses, and many birds.
The meats that consumers eat are slabs of a cow’s muscle tissue and the infectious meat is only found in the nerve tissue. Of course there is the possibility of having some of the contaminated meat passed on to the meat that consumers eat when the cows are cut, but the chances are very slim. Since this disease is contracted through eating contaminated meat, the site of infection should be in the digestive tract, yet this disease eats away at the brain and nervous system.
Even though vaccinations are expensive and require a lot of effort, rather than immunising badgers, cattle would relatively cost less and still be successful in controlling bovine tuberculosis (Jones, 2013). However, at the moment the legislation of the European Union bans the vaccination of cattle because checking for infection in the animals would become challenging (Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs). Farmers need a solution to the problem immediately and they cannot wait for ten years to abolish the ban as incidents in cattle herds are rising increasingly over the past few years (Briggs, 2012). Thus, culling badgers is the most effective method at present when considering
Identify the virus- The virus mentioned in the article is known by the name Calicivirus. Calicivirus is also known as Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus or RHDV.
Case Description- A 3 month-old Boer cross buck kid was confirmed to have died from an infection of Eastern Equine Encephalitis in a rural county of North Florida. Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis and Rabies were included in the list of deferential diagnoses as possible causes of neurologic symptoms that could occur in adolescent caprine.1,5 PCR analysis of fresh brain tissue preformed at Department of Health in Tampa, Florida (via the Bronson Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory in Kissimmee, Florida) showed positive for Eastern Equine Encephalitis, then positive by virus isolation. The sample was negative for West Nile Virus, and the fluorescent antibody test for Rabies was negative.
Borrelia burgodoferi is transmitted into humans and mammals by the Ixodes scapularis known as the deer tick or blacklegged tick. The disease cannot be transmitted from person to person contact. Pets can cause an increased rate of infected ticks to a home but cannot transmit the disease to their owners. The ticks have a 2 year life cycle that includes larval, nymphal, and adult stages. It is during the nymphal and adult stages that the disease is transmitted.
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is a rare and fatal human neurodegenerative condition falling under the category of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) because of having characteristic of spongy degeneration of the brain that it causes and its ability to be transmitted. First it was described in the United Kingdom in March 1996 and it has been connected with exposure to a TSE of cattle known as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) sometimes called Classical BSE, having been reported first in 1986 in the United Kingdom.
Hendra virus (originally called "Equine morbillivirus" was discovered in September 1994 when it caused the deaths of thirteen horses, and a trainer at a training complex in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia.[12]
BSE can be transmitted from one human to another through cannibalism or through transplantation of infected tissue. Consequently, certain human blood products and blood donations are not accepted from people who have lived in areas of the world where BSE outbreaks have occurred in cattle. BSE has been shown to be transmissible by blood transfusion in an experimental model using sheep. The U.K. surveillance unit for vCJD has also reported three cases of vCJD that occurred as a result of blood transfusion
Right when the US department of agriculture (USDA) found out, they launched an emergency investigation that involved the United States and Canada. Canada and the States had a goal which was to find out where this disease started and to stop it before it was too late. Some people say that all slaughtered cows should be tested, but the problem is that many of these cows are very young and the disease will not show up in the cows until they have reached 30 months of age. DeHaven also said that “This is a disease with a very long incubation period-typically three to eight years.”
BSE is generally transmitted through the digestion of a contaminated vector (meat). Fortunately, as the majority of abnormal
BVDV isolation in cell culture, followed by identification, is considered as the most reliable method for diagnosis. Many different clinical samples are suitable for BVDV isolation during the viremia stage as nasal discharges, peripheral blood leukocytes, serum, semen, aborted fetuses and feces. However, presence of maternal antibodies in serum and buffy coat samples from newly born animals may neutralize the virus and decrease the sensitivity of virus isolation. Virus isolation methods are labor intensive and may take several weeks. Furthermore, virus isolation cannot differentiate between PI animals and transiently infected animals. The FBS used as supplement for propagation of cell lines should be tested for BVDV contamination before usage to avoid false positive results.
A number of studies have supported the theory that the virus had originally occurred in animals previous to human infections.5 The MERs-CoV virus is a type of coronavirus that has been known for infecting both birds and many species of mammals. These types of infections are commonly referred to as zoonotic diseases because the pathogens are able to be transferred from animals to humans. Zoonosis can happen with or without a vector in order to spread the infection. Although the exact origin of the MERs-CoV infections is unknown, there has been convincing research performed that has found related types of coronaviruses in bats and camels. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the coronavirus is found in multiple species and can cause respiratory illness and gastrointestinal upset.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Parasites and mice The B. bovis Texas strain (Hines et al., 1992) and the B. bigemina Argentina strain (Hotzel et al., 1997) were maintained in bovine red blood cells (RBCs) in in vitro culture (Munkhjargal et al., 2012). Infected red blood cells (iRBCs) were harvested at 5e6% parasitemia, washed three times with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and then stored at 80 C until use.