Disease Spread Of New Zealand

epidemics to childhood ills." (6) It was in this form that diseases were carried to

The spread of infection requires three elements. The first is; A source of infecting microorganisms: This could be an exogenous infection which arises from microorganisms external to the individual and do not exist as normal flora. They usually have a preferred portal of entry like the gastrointestinal for Salmonella. Another source is endogenous infections which can occur when part of the client’s flora becomes altered and an overgrowth results e.g. Yeasts infection. Second requirement is means of transmission for the microorganism, which also explains the three primary modes of pathogen transmission. For example, vertical transmission is when a pathogen is

The colonization of Africa created countries riddled with disease because they forced the native Africans away from their homes to mine and take away the continent’s resources. Putting all those people with the people who have already been infected together, germs are spread

Currently, one of the major problems in the world is the rapid change of our climate. Years of research and studies have linked climate change to the spreading and occurrence of many infectious diseases. Vectors and pathogens that were not able to spread to certain countries before because temperatures were too low for them to survive in are now being able to habituate these parts of the world because of how much warmer our planet is becoming. This is concerning to us because infectious diseases can increase death rates. Therefore, if our planet continues to get warmer, the more infectious diseases will spread, and the more humans will die. This research paper attempts to provide a better understanding on how diseases are spreading more

Describe how pathogens can be spread at school through both direct and indirect contact. (4 Points)

What is ‘Myrtle Rust’ and how pernicious is it? Myrtle Rust, aka Uredo rangelii, is a fungal plant pathogen native to South America that affects plants in Myrtaceae family, such as Tea tree, Beach Cherry and Bottle Brush (DAFF, 2012). Its advent can be witnessed in the form of small purple flecks and leaf spots on young leaves. It then utilizes its vicious powers to create tiny, raised spots or pustules, which turn powdery distinctive yellow after a few days. It attacks young and new plants and causes them to be stunted, leaves to be twisted and even leads to their death. While the South American trees have some resistance against this aggressor, the Australian ones are more vulnerable. It has the potential to affect up to 80 per cent of Australian native trees and the crusade cannot be stopped once it has occupied the bush lands (NSW Scientific

Humans as well as animals migrate and these actions allow diseases to spread from place to place. The Black Death was caused by the fleas that were in the commodities that traveled down the Silk Road.4 If human migration and large-scale trade had not been present during that time period, the fleas would never have infected all of Europe. The reason for large-scale trading, both then and now, is that more trade results in greater amounts of money, causing prosperity and a better economy. The river Thames, in England, was the site where a large number of ships came and went, transporting people and cargo. These ships helped the spread of The Black Death.5 Similar to the Silk Road and the River Thames, Aedes Aegypti, a type of mosquito, came to Latin America on ships involved in the slave trade.6 This mosquito is the animal that carries the Zika virus. The mosquito was originally native to Africa but because of the large migration of many people to fuel slavery and free labor, the virus inside of the mosquitos was able to reach foreign lands. Ebola is spread through human-to-human contact.7 When people touch each other by either a hug or just a handshake, they can spread Ebola. When the infected people migrate to other places, the Ebola virus is spread from community to community. It is and always has been human nature to want to explore and meet new people. The only problem with this side of human nature is

Through various examples of epidemics can be seen that the distribution methods are different but are all linked to the development of the affected country and changing it are going through. Whether through the development of international trade, the discovery of new land or development of African countries. Each had dramatic consequences.

Nina Redman talks about the international food safety and how it works against the foodborne diseases. The world Health Organization (WHO) plays a major rule on food safety by publicizing the safety related programs and workshops. Beside bacteria and viruses, Nina also wrote about some other food safety threats such as hormones in milk, overuse of antibiotics in farm animals, genetically engineered plants etc. Risk assessment is a tool that scientists use to reduce the risk of these threats. The foodborne illness/disease most likely happens from the bacteria. DNA “fingerprinting” is one of the best tool that scientists have invented to investigate the foodborne illness.

The four ways a disease is spread are direct /indirect contact with another human being or a contaminated object, germs landing on another person when somebody coughs or sneezes, germs spreading on air currents, and after a child or adult touches contaminated blood or body liquids. After being exposed through these transmissions, the youngster or adult experiences mild to severe symptoms because their immune system is trying to fight back against the sickness that has entered the body. If there is no attempt at treatment and the symptoms become life-threatening, the youth or grown-up can die in a short time or suffer life-changing disabilities, depending on what illness they have received and how long it went untreated. Every type of illness

Over the last century, the mortality rate from infectious diseases in Australia has declined significantly3. Along with highly successful research to develop effective vaccines, public health campaigns have contributed substantially to this outcome. Organisations such as the World Health Organisation (WHO) and UNICEF have been heavily involved in finding vaccines to treat these diseases and promoting education and community health initiatives23. Amongst the many infectious diseases prominent in Australia in the 20th century, Poliomyelitis (Polio) was considered the most terrifying of diseases, as the “prospect of paralysis and permanent disability” was particularly frightening2. Public authorities and Australian community organisations such as Rotary4 have been critical to the success of national campaigns to educate, coordinate and fund vaccination programs. However, although Australia was finally declared a “polio free zone” in 2000, the disease is still a threat to travellers as it is considered endemic in Pakistan, Afghanistan, India and Nigeria5.

Globalization aided in impacting human health by population mobility. The source of epidemics throughout history can be traced back to human migration (Saker). The effects of these epidemics have changed whole societies. International efforts to prevent the spreading of infections from one country to another have been focused on. Early diseases that spread between Asia and Europe included the bubonic plague, influenzas of various types, and other similar contagious diseases. The world is more interdependent and connected than ever in the era of globalization. This is because inexpensive and efficient transportation allows access to almost everywhere and the increase of global trade of agricultural products brought an increasing number of people into contact with animal disease. Trade routes had long been established between Europe and Asia along which diseases were unintentionally transmitted. The management of malaria is a global role (Carter). Global institutions support the

countries. This lack of difference indicates that improvements in hygiene do not reduce the transmissibility of the virus.12

There are many opinions and thoughts I have regarding the subject matter of this week’s written assignment. I will attempt to demonstrate in a short, succinct way, the ideas that have been lurking in my mind regarding these topics. The paper will go through reducing flows of people and goods, options regarding the spread of global disease, the spread of food-borne illnesses, reducing the incidence of food-borne illnesses, and the broad topic of GMOs.

Throughout this time the globalization of trade, the movement of people and the spread of infectious disease has grown, exponentially since the end of WWII. Where ocean going ships once dominated, air travel and cargo transportation has grown to have a profound impact on global health. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) estimates that eight million people travel by air every day, surpassing the three billion mark annually, and creating abundant opportunities for infected travelers to spread disease and antimicrobial resistance, in route to and at their destinations. Added to this, is the estimated fifty million tons of air cargo transported annually, playing host to vector-borne diseases that can now travel across the globe in a matter of hours (IATA, 2013; Knobler, Mahmoud, Lemon, & Pray, 2006).