Double Dissociations

In the story,” The right side of Tim’s body was paralyzed and he was having great difficulty trying to talk”. Thus, it suggests that the left hemisphere of Tim’s brain suffered during his stroke, because language processing occur more in the left side if the brain. In general, the left hemisphere concentrates more on tasks that require verbal competence, such as speaking, reading, thinking, and reasoning.

During my reading this an article, I found some information in this an article pertains to Right Hemisphere Stroke: A Victim Reflects on Rehabilitative Medicine book. For example, Johnson could recognize, even understand isolated words but when they come together in a sentence, Johnson would have difficulty dealing. On the other hand, the article presented that the respondents only presented higher difficulties in sentence formulation. This supports the premise that this tool is highly sensitive to language production. It also reflects the hypothesis that the right brain performs a complementary role to the left brain, with the execution of more complex tasks, such as formulating words with two or more target words, readily influenced by reduced

Parkinson's Disease is a literally crippling neurodegenerative disorder, manifested in about 1% of the aged population. People who have Parkinson's Disease gradually lose control of their movements; specific symptoms include, "tremor, slowness of movement, stiffness, difficulty in walking, and loss of balance." (1) Evidence strongly suggests that Parkinson's Disease is the result of severe cell loss in the substantia nigra. This brain structure is principally involved in the production of dopamine. (2) Dopamine, among other functions, is the neurotransmitter involved in initiation of movement. Hence, the link between dopaminergic cell loss and cessation of voluntary movement, as manifested

However, patients were required to withdraw if they needed additional antiparkinson medication during this period. Eligible patients were randomized on 1:1 basis to placebo or carbidopa–levodopa at a dose of 12.5 and 50 mg three times daily, 25 and 100 mg three times daily or 50 and 200 mg three times daily respectively for a period of 40 weeks. Subsequently, the subjects underwent a 3-day period of step-down withdrawal from the study drug. A final assessment based on the severity of the parkinsonian symptoms was conducted after two weeks without the assigned drug. This study also included a substudy were conducted to detect striatal dopamine-transporter density measured by SPECT imaging with the use of iodine-123-labelled 2-β-carboxymethoxy-3-β-(4-iodophenyl)tropane ([123I]β-CIT). The imaging studies were performed during the baseline visit and the visit at week 40. In fact, it was performed at week 40 instead of week 42 in which subjects had undergone withdrawal from levodopa because it was thought that the subjects would be unable to tolerate the return of parkinsonism or worsening of parkinsonian

In the basal ganglia, one of the crucial neuro modulator is dopamine. It interacts with basal ganglia output nuclei and regulates the motor activity. In Parkinson’s disease dopaminergic neuron Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta(Snc) degenerated which is the main provenience of dopamine origination. The authors of this paper performed in vivo studies on primates and the experimental results showed that how the pallidum (GPi, Gpe) react to the dopamine

The substantia nigra is where the neurotransmitter dopamine is made by cells. Neurons between the substantia nigra and the stratum send messages via dopamine. As the cells of the sustantia nigra deteriorate in Parkinsons so does the levels of dopamine in the brain, which is necessary for sending messages to other areas of the brain for movement control (Obeso, Rodríguez‐Oroz, Benitez‐Temino, Blesa, Guridi, Marin, & Rodriguez, 2008). The decrease in dopamine production also changes the dopamine to acetylcholine relationship in the brain, which the striatum require to function properly. While the striatum is very complex system which involves signal suppression and enhancement within the brain, the altered ratio of dopamine and acetylcholine can cause some tracts to be under suppressed and over suppressed (Obeso, Rodríguez‐Oroz, Benitez‐Temino, Blesa, Guridi, Marin, & Rodriguez, 2008). The degradation of the cells in the basal ganglia cause is unknown, but many suggest pesticide exposure, serious consecutive brain injury and possible genetic factors.

Introduction: It is a well-known fact that the left hemisphere of the brain is the “language hemisphere.” However, very few people know that the right hemisphere is also an important contributor to speech, language, and communication. Right hemisphere syndrome is a lesion in the right hemisphere of the brain that results from factors such as stokes, tumors, traumatic brain injury, or other neurological diseases (Blake, 2010).

Parkinson’s disease is a “neurodegenerative disorder of the basal nuclei due to insufficient secretion of the neurotransmitter dopamine” (Marieb & Hoehn, 2013, p. G-17). The cause of Parkinson’s disease is unknown, but many factors play a role in the development of Parkinson’s disease. One factor that has been found in an individual who has Parkinson’s disease causes over activity of targeted dopamine-deprived basal nuclei. This over activity is caused by the breakdown of neurons that release dopamine in the substantia nigra (Marieb & Hoehn, 2013). Another factor that is present in a person who has Parkinson’s disease, is the presence of lewy bodies in the brain stem ("What is lbd?," 2014). Lewy bodies are unusual

Parkinson’s disease affects the brain of the individual. The disease affects the neurons in the brain that are responsible for producing dopamine. “In short, a person 's brain slowly stops producing a neurotransmitter called dopamine. With less and less dopamine, a person has less and less ability to regulate their movements, body and emotions” (“Understanding”). This leads to the symptoms frequently associated with Parkinson’s. While Parkinson’s disease is experienced differently in each case, there is a generic order in which the disease develops. There are five main stages that can be experienced. Not every patient will reach all stages, and the severity and rapidity varies. As the stages develop, the symptoms increase from mild and manageable, to intense.

A popular joke among college science majors is “you make my dopamine levels go all silly,” in reference to the physiological function of dopamine linked to hormone secretion and emotional behavior. However, dopamine plays an important functional role in movement the generation of movement [4]. A deficiency of dopamine levels in the brain leads to many life-altering side affects experienced by patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is identified as a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the brain affecting the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system [1]. Among the basal ganglia network, clusters of nerve cells known as substantia nigra and their nuclei, synthesize dopamine by mesencephalic neurons [2]. It is the slow disintegration of substantia nigra that lead to Parkinson’s disease affecting

For studies involving Parkinson’s Disease, mice and non-human primates are primarily used as models. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has been previously shown to selectively target and breakdown nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and cause Parkinson’s-like symptoms in primates within a few days (McCrodden, 1990). With that, the progression of the MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease is a sped-up model of the actual disease.

New discoveries on the treatment of Parkinson’s disease show that dopamine neurons can treat Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is a disorder of the nervous system, which is a progressive disease. Parkinson’s disease is marked by tremors, muscular stiffness. It mainly affects people who are either elderly or middle aged. Although Parkinson’s disease cannot be cure lab grown dopamine can assist in being able to manage the disease in an enhanced way. Although Parkinson’s disease is not curable but can be treatable it still needs more work in order to make a cure in the future. Dopamine helps regulate movement and when there is a deficiency in dopamine that results in Parkinson’s disease.

“Parkinson’s Disease, or PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is caused by degeneration and dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra.” (Corrow, 2013). Although that is the specific definition of Parkinson’s Disease, not all people might understand those terms. When educating patients, it’s important to assess their education level and provide information easily understandable to them. To provide simpler terms, “Parkinson’s is a disease that involves the malfunction and death of vital nerve cells in the brain, typically the basal ganglia within the cerebrum.” (Parkinson Disease Foundation, Inc. 2016). “Some of these dying neurons produce dopamine, a

A third type of aphasia, global aphasia, results from damage to extensive portions of the language areas of the brain. “Individuals with global aphasia have severe communication difficulties and may be extremely limited in their ability to speak or comprehend language”. ()

Aphasia is a language disorder that can be the result of a brain injury. An individual that is suffering from aphasia may experience difficulty speaking, writing, reading, or comprehending. There are three different types of Aphasia that differ in various ways. First, Wernicke’s Aphasia is the inability to grasp the meaning of words and sentences that have been produced by another individual. This type of aphasia is also known as “fluent aphasia” or “receptive aphasia”. Wernicke patients’ speech may come across like a jumble of words or jargon, but it is very well articulated and they have no issue producing their own connected speech. If the patient is consecutively making errors, it is common for them to be unaware of their difficulties, and not realize that their sentences don’t make sense. The severity of the disorder varies depending on the patient, and the disorder results form damage in the left posterior temporal region of the brain, which is also known as Wernicke’s area.