Double Dissociations

In the story,” The right side of Tim’s body was paralyzed and he was having great difficulty trying to talk”. Thus, it suggests that the left hemisphere of Tim’s brain suffered during his stroke, because language processing occur more in the left side if the brain. In general, the left hemisphere concentrates more on tasks that require verbal competence, such as speaking, reading, thinking, and reasoning.

Parkinson’s disease is a “neurodegenerative disorder of the basal nuclei due to insufficient secretion of the neurotransmitter dopamine” (Marieb & Hoehn, 2013, p. G-17). The cause of Parkinson’s disease is unknown, but many factors play a role in the development of Parkinson’s disease. One factor that has been found in an individual who has Parkinson’s disease causes over activity of targeted dopamine-deprived basal nuclei. This over activity is caused by the breakdown of neurons that release dopamine in the substantia nigra (Marieb & Hoehn, 2013). Another factor that is present in a person who has Parkinson’s disease, is the presence of lewy bodies in the brain stem ("What is lbd?," 2014). Lewy bodies are unusual

Parkinson's Disease is a literally crippling neurodegenerative disorder, manifested in about 1% of the aged population. People who have Parkinson's Disease gradually lose control of their movements; specific symptoms include, "tremor, slowness of movement, stiffness, difficulty in walking, and loss of balance." (1) Evidence strongly suggests that Parkinson's Disease is the result of severe cell loss in the substantia nigra. This brain structure is principally involved in the production of dopamine. (2) Dopamine, among other functions, is the neurotransmitter involved in initiation of movement. Hence, the link between dopaminergic cell loss and cessation of voluntary movement, as manifested

A human being’s capacity to articulate and deduce arbitrary sounds and symbols into something of which conveys meaning, may indeed be one of the most remarkable characteristics of brain. Research presented in Flinker et al., (2015) infer that there are two areas of the brain that are imperative for both the understanding and production of both verbal and written communication. Broca’s area, located in the left frontal lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for the production of speech, that is, the movements required to produce fluent speech and language (Flinker et al., 2015). The second region of the brain associated with language is known as Wernicke’s area, of which is located on the border between

The substantia nigra is where the neurotransmitter dopamine is made by cells. Neurons between the substantia nigra and the stratum send messages via dopamine. As the cells of the sustantia nigra deteriorate in Parkinsons so does the levels of dopamine in the brain, which is necessary for sending messages to other areas of the brain for movement control (Obeso, Rodríguez‐Oroz, Benitez‐Temino, Blesa, Guridi, Marin, & Rodriguez, 2008). The decrease in dopamine production also changes the dopamine to acetylcholine relationship in the brain, which the striatum require to function properly. While the striatum is very complex system which involves signal suppression and enhancement within the brain, the altered ratio of dopamine and acetylcholine can cause some tracts to be under suppressed and over suppressed (Obeso, Rodríguez‐Oroz, Benitez‐Temino, Blesa, Guridi, Marin, & Rodriguez, 2008). The degradation of the cells in the basal ganglia cause is unknown, but many suggest pesticide exposure, serious consecutive brain injury and possible genetic factors.

Parkinson’s disease affects the brain of the individual. The disease affects the neurons in the brain that are responsible for producing dopamine. “In short, a person 's brain slowly stops producing a neurotransmitter called dopamine. With less and less dopamine, a person has less and less ability to regulate their movements, body and emotions” (“Understanding”). This leads to the symptoms frequently associated with Parkinson’s. While Parkinson’s disease is experienced differently in each case, there is a generic order in which the disease develops. There are five main stages that can be experienced. Not every patient will reach all stages, and the severity and rapidity varies. As the stages develop, the symptoms increase from mild and manageable, to intense.

During my reading this an article, I found some information in this an article pertains to Right Hemisphere Stroke: A Victim Reflects on Rehabilitative Medicine book. For example, Johnson could recognize, even understand isolated words but when they come together in a sentence, Johnson would have difficulty dealing. On the other hand, the article presented that the respondents only presented higher difficulties in sentence formulation. This supports the premise that this tool is highly sensitive to language production. It also reflects the hypothesis that the right brain performs a complementary role to the left brain, with the execution of more complex tasks, such as formulating words with two or more target words, readily influenced by reduced

The ability to do so is achieved through a compilation of neurons in the superior temporal gyrus within the left hemisphere of the brain, and this lesion is known as Wernicke's area. The type of aphasia associated with this area is known as Wernicke’s aphasia, which is identified as the opposite of Broca's aphasia: being that poor speech and fluent meaningless utterances are prevalent in patients with Wernicke’s aphasia. Due to damage in the brain’s Wernicke area or a fracture in within the auditory system, a patient may develop pure word deafness. This type of deafness allows patients to hear however they are unable to process the meaning of linguistic speech. Transcortical sensory aphasia is a type of disorder which links the Broca and Wernicke areas of the brain: patients with this speech problem typically can follow repetition but cannot produce meaningful speech on their own. The connecting fibers of axons that link the two lesions of the brain that cause transcortical damage are the arcuate fasciculus neurons. Another sort of aphasia is conduction, where the patient is unable to speak words through repetition but they can speak normally and understand the speech of others. Anomic aphasia is where the patient has difficulty choosing the correct word to use in order to prompt controversial exchanges: they use what is known as circumlocution and that is the

Based on a study by Blumstein in 1994, these neurological events lead to a deficit in speech perception abilities based on the knowledge that the neural structures that are responsible for the perception of speech are distributed throughout the language hemisphere; meaning that damage to any part of this hemisphere can lead to some level of aphasia (Blumstein 1994). The “language hemisphere”, as mentioned before, it the left hemisphere in 95% of right handed people and 81.2 of left-handed people, but the structures responsible for language perception and production can be mainly housed in the right hemisphere or both hemispheres for the remaining 5% of right-handed people and 18.8% of left-handed people (Taylor et al 1990). There has also been a general consensus for years that nonfluent aphasias are caused by lesions to the frontal lobe, while aphasias that affect comprehension originate from damage to the posterior portion of the temporal lobe. These themes, and more were confirmed by a study in France in 2000 that tested the aphasia of 107 stroke patients and used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of their strokes to find associations between stroke location and type of aphasia resulting from the damage (Kreisler et al., 2000). As we dive into more research we will explore further the relationship between subject with neurological injuries and

A popular joke among college science majors is “you make my dopamine levels go all silly,” in reference to the physiological function of dopamine linked to hormone secretion and emotional behavior. However, dopamine plays an important functional role in movement the generation of movement [4]. A deficiency of dopamine levels in the brain leads to many life-altering side affects experienced by patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is identified as a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the brain affecting the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system [1]. Among the basal ganglia network, clusters of nerve cells known as substantia nigra and their nuclei, synthesize dopamine by mesencephalic neurons [2]. It is the slow disintegration of substantia nigra that lead to Parkinson’s disease affecting

“Parkinson’s Disease, or PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is caused by degeneration and dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra.” (Corrow, 2013). Although that is the specific definition of Parkinson’s Disease, not all people might understand those terms. When educating patients, it’s important to assess their education level and provide information easily understandable to them. To provide simpler terms, “Parkinson’s is a disease that involves the malfunction and death of vital nerve cells in the brain, typically the basal ganglia within the cerebrum.” (Parkinson Disease Foundation, Inc. 2016). “Some of these dying neurons produce dopamine, a

Introduction: It is a well-known fact that the left hemisphere of the brain is the “language hemisphere.” However, very few people know that the right hemisphere is also an important contributor to speech, language, and communication. Right hemisphere syndrome is a lesion in the right hemisphere of the brain that results from factors such as stokes, tumors, traumatic brain injury, or other neurological diseases (Blake, 2010).

New discoveries on the treatment of Parkinson’s disease show that dopamine neurons can treat Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is a disorder of the nervous system, which is a progressive disease. Parkinson’s disease is marked by tremors, muscular stiffness. It mainly affects people who are either elderly or middle aged. Although Parkinson’s disease cannot be cure lab grown dopamine can assist in being able to manage the disease in an enhanced way. Although Parkinson’s disease is not curable but can be treatable it still needs more work in order to make a cure in the future. Dopamine helps regulate movement and when there is a deficiency in dopamine that results in Parkinson’s disease.

A third type of aphasia, global aphasia, results from damage to extensive portions of the language areas of the brain. “Individuals with global aphasia have severe communication difficulties and may be extremely limited in their ability to speak or comprehend language”. ()

For studies involving Parkinson’s Disease, mice and non-human primates are primarily used as models. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has been previously shown to selectively target and breakdown nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and cause Parkinson’s-like symptoms in primates within a few days (McCrodden, 1990). With that, the progression of the MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease is a sped-up model of the actual disease.