Kelly Miller Biography

Douglass began his speech to the audience by asking a series of rhetorical questions in addition to the use of sarcasm. He referred to the Declaration of Independence as “that” instead of “the” Declaration stressing a separation between African-Americans and the freemen of the United States. He extended the use of his rhetoric by asking, “What have I or those, I represent, to do with your national independence?” Slaves, whose freedom is denied, do not share other Americans’ patriotic feelings regarding the Fourth of July. His use of these rhetorical questions was valid because it separated Douglass as a different man than the rest of his white audience. Furthermore, Douglass asked, "Would you have me argue that man is entitled to liberty?" He indicated that people knew in their hearts that all were entitled to freedom. Douglass demonstrated sarcasm in this principle of freedom, almost as if the aforementioned rhetorical question shouldn’t need to be stated. He further declared that the stigma separating free whites and enslaved African-Americans was blatantly foolish.

Despite his outstanding credentials, Wilkins could not find a position at a research university. During 1943 and 1944 he was a mathematics instructor

Some of these issues were discussed in the document and included issues such as taxation without representation, erecting new offices, and depriving them of trial by jury. Walker very much felt the same way when describing multiple real life instances where this oppression is apparent. One instance was when Walker heard a white man in North Carolina say that of any man would teach a black person to “spell, read, or write,” he would persecute him. Another instance was when the legislature of Georgia passed a law where “all free or slave persons of colour,” were prohibited from learning to read or write. There are even laws from states such as Virginia and North Carolina where they prohibit a man of color from obtaining and holding any office in the government of the United States. Walker believes that his people are facing oppression in very much the same way that Americans believed they were being disadvantaged by Great Britain’s rule; he even goes to question whether their suffering was” one hundredth part as cruel and tyrannical” as what his people have suffered under the United States government. This mistreatment of black people is evident social, religious, and political measures and affects them whether they are free or confined to slavery; the government of the country that Walker lives in, as he sees, was to blame for these

Teachers College and at the District of Columbia Teachers College for which she also served as

In 1969, he earned his Ph.D... He earned his masters of science in mathematics from Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania in 1967. While at the university, he lead an organization known to be the Black Uhuru Society. At the time, this society was the only functioning civil rights organization in the area. From 1969 to 1971, Williams served as a Research Associate in the Department of Mathematics at Pennsylvania State University. He was chosen to be Assistant Professor of Mathematics a year later. During the time, he struggled to overcome racism and to obtain tenure. Overtime, things got easier for him.

“Free Black people still faced danger. Many appeared in court to ask for a Certificate of Freedom. The claimant had to prove that he/she was born free or had been previously freed. If the court was satisfied, it would

The life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination… the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself in exile in his own land (qtd. in W.T.L. 235).

“I will say, then, that I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races; that I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people. And while they do remain together there must be the position of superior and

The doctrine of self-government is right—but has no just application, as here attempted. Or perhaps I should rather say that whether it has such application depends upon whether a negro is not or is a man. If he is not a man, why in that case, he who is a man may, as a matter of self-government, do just as he pleases with him. But if the negro is a man, is it not to that extent a total of destruction of self-government, to say that he too shall not govern himself? When the white man governs himself that is self-government; but when he governs himself, and also governs another man, that is more than self-government—that is despotism.

Frederick Douglass was the most important African American leader in the 19th century. Frederick Douglass was born on a plantation on the Eastern Shore of Maryland around 1818. Douglass changed what people thought about slavery, race, and American Democracy. Since the early 1800s Douglass' life has been a source of inspiration and hope for millions. He has also been an ever present challenge, demanding that American citizens live up to their highest ideals and make the United States a land of liberty and equality for all.

When people think about mathematicians, they typically refer to white, doctorate-educated male. However, there are more women budding into the field of mathematics. This paper will focus on one special woman, an African-American woman by the name of Evelyn Boyd Granville. She is not the first African-American woman to receive a doctorate in mathematics, but she, unlike Euphemia Lofton Haynes, stayed more out of the education field and primarily worked for NASA, contributing to many expeditions in space. Her contributions have inspired many young girls to look into and pursue a career in the field of mathematics.

Later on, he says, “When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed to the

Frederick Douglass was an African-American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. Frederick Douglass was the most important black American leader of the nineteenth century. He was born in February of the 1818 and died February 20, 1895. Douglass was a firm believer in the equality of all peoples, whether black, female, Native American, or recent immigrant. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave published in 1845, less than seven years after Douglass escaped from slavery. Douglass immortalized his years as a slave in the book.

“The brutality with which official would have quelled the black individual became impotent when it could not be pursued with stealth and remain unobserved. It was caught—as a fugitive from a penitentiary is often caught—in gigantic circling spotlights. It was imprisoned in a luminous glare revealing the naked truth to the whole world” – Martin Luther King (8, Kasher)

The black freedom struggle has not yet come to an end – there are still prejudiced and racist radicals that try to negotiate white supremacy and dominance in order to prevent the blacks from their long wait for equality. Consequently, the movement has progressed very sluggishly in the past few centuries. Nevertheless, the campaign for equal rights has led to the triumph over slavery and has led to the accrual of suffrage rights. However, this is still not enough, not after centuries of enslavement, lynching, segregation, and discrimination. Oftentimes, there is still no justice in court houses, especially when black people are accused and convicted, even for the simplest of crimes – as compared to the white and powerful who are charged for heinous misconducts and get away scratch free. Hence, throughout the period of the Blacks’ long fight for freedom and equality, several Black intellectuals have come front with ideas that could administer better treatment for their people. A good strategy to encourage the black populace to fight for their freedom and their rights is by inverting popular ideas so that there is a clear distinction between the reasonable and unreasonable notions of equality and justice. Thus, it was not uncommon for these literati to undermine dominant discourses in order to bolster their own analyses. Among the discussed black intellectuals who inverted prevailing dissertations, three that stood out the most are Frederick Douglass, Anna Julia Cooper, and