Essay on E Coli and Salmonella in Swine Finishing Barns

In the article America’s Food Crisis and how to fix it by Bryan Walsh it talks about how people are packing in animals into confined pens with a bunch of other animals of its kind. All the animals are dosed with antibiotics to keep from getting sick. The article explains that the waste that the animals produce on the factory farms gets disposed into open air lagoons and how it can contaminate nearby streams and creeks.

In the past century there has been a substantial change in the way human beings raise and keep animals meant for food. While in the past there were great numbers of widely spaced small individual farms, now there are relatively few, but extremely large industrialized farms. And as the numbers of animals kept and slaughtered for human consumption increases, these industrialized farms, known as Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations or CAFO's, are having more and more of an impact on the environment and people around them. The concentration of animals causes a major problem with the waste products they produce, as well as the gases, chemicals, and other types of byproducts. And the increased use of antibiotics in the animals is beginning to have a profound effect on the health of not only the environment but the communities that exist around these industrialized farms. CAFO's, and their secondary industries, are also a large consumer of oil, gasoline, and other fuels which can have an indirect, but devastating effect on the environment. Luckily there are some who have come to recognize the problems, and potential future problems, involved in this type of animal farming and have begun to inform the public to the dangers these farms pose. And in response to this information, the public is beginning to force changes in the way these CAFO's operate and the impact they have on the environment and

FSIS examines and screens all meat, poultry and egg items sold to guarantee consistence with obligatory U.S. sustenance wellbeing measures and investigation enactment. There is required review of domesticated animals and poultry before butcher, keeping ailing creatures from entering the nourishment supply. There is likewise an obligatory after death examination of each cadaver for unmistakable deformities that can influence wellbeing and quality. USDA sets up sterile gauges for slaughterhouses and meat handling offices with USDA enrolled offices on-going checking and assessment of operations. A system executed to decrease the rate of sustenance borne sickness inferable from meat, poultry and egg

In June of 1997, the Michigan Department of Community Health became aware of increased reports of E.coli. Fifty-two reports of infections were reported compared to eighteen in June 1996. These results showed a significant increase in the number of cases for residents of Michigan. The cases were found to be from all different locations in Michigan, all were different ages and both male and female. Little was known about the causes of the outbreak except it occurred at a slightly higher rate in women than men. Out of the cases, thirty-eight people interviewed who had the illness, none of them consumed ground beef, milk, were in contact with farm animals, and no restaurants were in common, but they all consumed sprouts seven days before the onset of symptoms. My role as an epidemiologist for this outbreak

The sample tube taken from the pond down by the turf field at USM was taken out of the incubator and observed. This sample was taken February 7th at around 2:30 in the afternoon. The results showed the entire 50ml sample mixed with COLISURE being completely purple, meaning it tested positive for Coliforms. What was different was the 44 wells with the pipetted samples in it. 8 of the wells remained yellow, meaning they were negative for Coliforms and the remaining 36 were all shades of purple meaning they were positive for Coliforms. The well plate along with the 50ml tube of the sample taken from the pond near the turf was then put under an ultra violet light, this helped us detect if the sample was positive for Escherichia coli. Under the ultra violet light, the entire tube sample as well as 3 wells in the well plate were glowing, meaning they were positive for Escherichia coli. In comparison to the other samples, this pond was by far the most dangerous for human consumption or swimming in. After this discovery, the most probable number (MPN) of both positive wells as well as wells positive for Escherichia coli were calculated. For the first sample from the pond near the turf field the MPN was calculated by first identifying the total volume dispensed into the wells. This was calculated was using the equation 0.2ml x 44 wells = 8.8ml. Next, the number of cells per

Livestock production in the United States has been relatively static for many years. Animals, such as chickens, are raised in cages that barely meet the current standards of animal treatment. These animals are thus forced to live in feces and bacteria ridden environments,

When pigs are born, their gastrointestinal tract is sterile, but it is rapidly colonized with microorganisms (Katouli et al. 1995, Lallès et al. 2016). One of the many microorganisms is Escherichia coli, an extremely versatile bacterium, which is estimated to make up 1% to 4% of the cultivable colon bacteria (Schierack et al. 2006, Schierack et al. 2009, Herrero-Fresno et al. 2015). E. coli strains can be divided into non-pathogenic (commensal) and pathogenic strains (Schierack et al. 2006, Schierack et al. 2009, Herrero-Fresno et al. 2015). Pathogenic E. coli strains cause gastrointestinal disorders and intoxications due to their virulence genes colonizing the gut (Schierack et al. 2006, Schierack et al. 2009, Herrero-Fresno et al. 2015). Commensal E. coli strains are members of the gastrointestinal flora of most mammals; they support digestion and provide defense against enteric pathogens (Schierack et al. 2006, Schierack et al. 2009, Herrero-Fresno et al. 2015).

There is an extreme amount of waste created by raising so many animals in one place which then the surrounding land, air, and water becomes contaminated/ polluted by waste run-off. Even the residents of communities around factory farms reported many accounts of illnesses, and property values were lowered by their proximity to these farms. In an effort to try and counteract the health challenges brought up by the unsanitary, stressful, and overcrowded living conditions, antibiotics were used frequently, which can then create a drug-resistant bacteria and further puts human health at risk. Close to 75% of the antibiotics given to farm animals ends up undigested in their urine and manure. Through this waste, the antibiotics contaminate crops and waterways thus affecting human health.

Many people think of Escherichia coli as only a severe intestinal illness caused by eating uncooked, contaminated water, or unwashed fruits, but it is much more than only a negative (Amenu et al., 2014). The quick regeneration time of Escherichia coli makes it extremely useful in laboratory studies. In terms of research, a useful aspect of Escherichia coli is the extensive amount of information we have on them (Archer et al., 2011). Scientists have used Escherichia coli to host proteins, and it has been excellent resource for evolution studies as the bacteria has adapted frequently over the years (Archer et al., 2011). The non- pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli are frequently used in medical investigations involving diseases that are difficult to work with. Examples of these diseases include cancer or anthrax poisoning (Das et al., 2013).

Theodor Eschrich, a German pediatrician and bacteriologist, is the individual responsible for discovering this specific organism. During the late 1800’s, while he was studying neonatal and infant fecal flora, Escherich used promising techniques of bacterial isolation in pure culture, fermentation reactions, and Gram staining to identify 19 bacterial species (Donnenberg, 2013) (2). Prior to the establishment of the genus Escherichia, E. coli was known as Bacterium coli commune (Percival, 2014) (3). The colonization of E. coli begins at an early stage of our life and remains with us throughout the course of our life. It is thought that the colonization begins within hours of birth since the initial strains are generally serologically identical to those present in the mother (Donnenberg, 2013). E. coli strains in humans are usually harmless and as a result can coexist with their hosts, therefore are characterized sometimes as a commensal. E. coli plays a role in maintaining healthy conditions for the human gut as well as protection against pathogenic organisms (Donnenberg, 2013). Yet, pathogenicity has been associated with certain strains of E. coli. Diarrheal diseases are the leading cause of child mortality in some regions of the world, and pathogenic E. coli strains are main contributors (Croxen, 2013) (4). Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC),

The gram-negative bacilli were first discovered and described by Theodor Escherich, a German pediatrician in 1885. Originally named as Bacterium coli commune, the name was changed to Escherichia coli (E.coli) (Stanford T. Shulman et al., 2007). E.coli is known as the most free-living organism being studied. More than 700 E.coli serotypes have been discovered. Their “O” antigen (somatic), and “H” antigen (flagellar) and “K” antigen (capsular) distinguish the different E.coli serotypes. E.coli is commensal bacterial species of the mammalian colon. The bacterium typically colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of an infant within a few hours of life. It is known that E.coli and its human host-derived a mutual benefit that they coexist in good health. Most of E.coli strains are harmless except in immunocompromised hosts, or when gastrointestinal barriers are violated that even non-pathogenic strains can cause disease. Nevertheless, there are certain serotypes that may cause disease in humans and animals. Pathogenic E.coli can be divided into six recognized diarrheagenic categories: enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC), Shiga toxin-producing E.coli (STEC), enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC), enteroaggregative E.coli (EAEC), enteroinvasive E.coli (EIEC) and diffusely adherent E.coli (DAEC) (James B. Kaper et al., 2004). E.coli caused a major health problem in developing countries such as China and Korea. It has been found to be associated with most gastrointestinal diseases in

According to Martorelli, (2015) a researcher “It has been proven that cattle are one of the main reservoir of E. coli. Meat becomes contaminated during the slaughter and the use of raw faecal as fertilizers, and the contamination of drinking water are the major ways in which this microorganism can enter the human food chain” (p.1) E. coli is contracted via uncooked meats or other food contaminated by fecal material or swimming in contaminated water.

Escherichia coli, also known as E.coli, is a type of bacterium that was first recognized hundreds of years ago by a German bacteriologist, Theodor Escherich. Escherichia coli was initially named Bacterium coli, but later was changed to credit the founder of the bacteria. E.coli is the most commonly used bacteria for biological lab research and experiments. E.coli is characterized as a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod shaped bacteria that can be found almost everywhere, from plant soil to animal feces to the lower intestine of humans and animals. There are several different strains of E.coli, differing in their genotype. Due to the natural biological process of mutations, there have been 700 serotypes of E.coli identified. E.coli serotypes

Cefoperazone is a new semisynthetic cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. Cefoperazone shows high activity against gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacilli, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus species [1].

There are many advantages to consider in restricting large scale pig operations. One such advance is an improvement in animal welfare living condition, which is of ethical importance. Larger areas for pigs to roam in may also greatly help in reducing the spread of infection and disease attainable by migrating away from intense confinement systems. Restructuring could also include phase-out of hog gestation crates and restrictive swine farrowing crates, a birthing choral system. This recommendation also holds an additional advantage community members would directly benefit from and should consider, that is improved property values. This positive benefit would result from possible reductions in air and water pollution generated by pig farms and reduced risk of pathogen