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Graded Assignment
Lab Report
Answer the questions below. When you are finished, submit this assignment to your teacher by the due date for full credit. You may type in the answers, but you will need to print this lab report to draw the epicenter.
In this laboratory experiment, you will be working as an amateur seismologist to locate the epicenter of a fictional earthquake. Your task will involve interpreting seismograms from three seismograph stations; determining the difference in time between the arrival of the P waves and arrival of the S waves from the earthquake; using a travel-time graph to determine how far each seismograph station is from the epicenter; and using the technique of triangulation to pinpoint the
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Locate a seismograph station on the map.
2. Locate the scale on the map.
3. Placing your drafting compass point at 0 on the scale and the compass pencil at the proper distance for a seismograph station. Then, place your compass point on the seismograph station and draw a circle around the station. Make sure the circle has a radius equal to the distance between the station and the epicenter.
4. The line
Determining the distance along the Earth's surface from a seismic station to the epicenter of an earthquake is based on the difference in arrival times between
• This earthquake may not have released all of the strain stored in its rocks next to the fault this reveals a potential earthquake in the Santa Cruz Mountains in the near future. The occurrence of the earthquake showed that the Earth did not exhaust all its strain and hence other earthquakes could be expected. However, the dates could not be predicted. The extent of the damage could have been much more devastating for the region, but with the earthquake occurring near the coast this made half of the felt area westward in the Pacific Ocean. The occurrence of aftershocks ten days later reinforces the unpredictability nature and hence makes Geology to be a study that is always evolving. In conclusion, the Earth and the study of cannot be exhausted as every natural occurrence provides a new puzzle to be solved.
Type of event, training, or exercise: (actual event, table top, functional or full-scale exercise, pre-identified planned event, training, seminar, workshop, drill, game, etc.)
Using the nomogram, determine the Richter magnitude for the three earthquakes listed (see p. 169 in Geoscience Laboratory).
16. Plot the earthquake data from the region associated with the Tonga Trench from Table 1 on the left section of the graph paper, using a dot to represent each data point.
At least 3 earthquake recording stations are required to find the location of the earthquake epicenter. A single recording station can only calculate distance, but not direction; to cover all possibilities, a complete circle is drawn around that station. If only two earthquake recording stations are used, the circles will overlap at two points. Data from a third recording station will eliminate one of these points.
Despite decades of research and the use of modern technology, scientists are still not able to detect in time an imminent earthquake. Even though seismologists mostly know where the faults are and are able to closely monitor the rate of activity on them ranging from a scale of a year to a decade and even a century, a solid short-term day to month forecasting in order to identify the places at risk, still is an insoluble problem. Although this may be true, some scientists in diverse fields choose to follow a different and a rather controversial approach on the subject by studying the unusual animal
Answer the questions below. When you are finished, submit this assignment to your teacher by the due date for full credit.
3. Along the axis of the coil and at the center of each compass needle starting 5 to the left of the coil, record the value of B. Move one compass needle to the right and record the value of B. Repeat until you’ve completed the table below. NOTE: Be sure to
Nainoa Thompson created the star compass, as the basis for direction finding in non-instrument navigation. The horizon is divided into 32 sections called "houses." Nainoa has placed
The earthquakes above give a brief glimpse into the importance of analyzing past and present fault configurations. If scientists could make a breakthrough in this area perhaps we could better predict earthquake activity and better prepare ourselves if it is deemed a potential disaster is looming.
Geologists measure an earthquake using a seismometer. A seismogram is an earthquake record produced by a seismomemter. Pore pressure monitors record
The San Andreas fault line has caused constant development nightmares for large urban areas such as San Francisco as well as the other cities built on top of it. Fault lines are one of the side effects of the earth’s tectonic plates shifting that can result in devastating earthquakes. Some of the most devastating earthquakes in our modern era have occurred along the San Andreas fault line due to a dense population. The most notable and destructive earthquake on the San Andreas fault line occurred in San Francisco in 1906. The reason this earthquake was so deadly was because of its magnitude and the city’s poor planning. This earthquake was a wakeup call for San Francisco and force the city to revolutionize its knowledge on earthquakes and how to protect their city. Today San Francisco is one of the most well prepared cities for an earthquake and has made great discoveries in earthquake safety measures. The 1906 earthquake in San Francisco has drastically changed how the city has developed its zoning and building code policies, and its earthquake research.
The geological setting of the earthquake study area is shown in figure 7 with belts of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks forming a variety of rock types.
: Principal approach of PreSEIS On-site. (a) The algorithm uses the logarithmic values of the integrated absolute amplitudes of acceleration, velocity, and displacement waveform time series , and u(t) at a single sensor, as well as VS30 site characterization. Outputs are (1)simple earthquake/noise discrimination and near/far source classification, and estimates of (2) the moment magnitude M, (3) the epicentral distance Δ, and (4) the PGV. All estimates are updated with progressing time t0. (b) PreSEIS On-site uses two-layer-feed-forward (TLFF) neural networks composed of simple processing units arranged in input layers, hidden layers, and output layers. Ten TLFF networks, which form a so-called committee, are trained on the same task (e.g., the prediction of M) using slightly different training datasets; the median value taken over the outputs of all 10 TLFF networks defines the output of PreSEIS On-site. (Böse et al. 2012)