Institute Of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore) Formulae Sheet in ECE/TCE Department Communication Systems Amplitude Modulation : DSB-SC : u (t) = m(t) cos 2π t Power P = Conventioanal AM : u (t) = [1 + m(t)] Cos 2π t . as long as |m(t)| ≤ 1 demodulation is simple . Practically m(t) = a m (t) . () () Modulation index a = ( ) , m (t) = | ( )| Power = + SSB-AM : → Square law Detector SNR = () Square law modulator ↓ = 2a / a → amplitude Sensitivity Envelope Detector R C (i/p) < < 1 / ≥ Frequency & Phase Modulation : Angle Modulation :u (t) = ∅ (t) Cos (2π t + ∅ (t) ) ( ) → 2π m(t) . dt → phase & frequency deviation constant R C (o/P) >> 1/ R C x} = 1 – P { X ≤ x} = 1- (x) PDF :Pdf = (x) = (x) 7 No.1 Training center for …show more content…
Ph: 0 99003 99699/ 0 97419 00225 / 080-32552008 Email : onlineies.com@gmail.com Site: www.onlineIES.com Google+: http://bit.ly/gplus_iesgate FB: www.facebook.com/onlineies Institute Of Engineering Studies (IES,Bangalore) Formulae Sheet in ECE/TCE Department Γ = -1 , S = ∞ = =j tan βl. may be inductive or capacitive based on length ‘0’ If l < λ / 4 → inductive ( +ve) < l < λ/2 → capacitive ( -ve) Open circuited line := = -j cot βl Γ =1 s=∞ = l < λ / 4 capacitive < l < λ/2 inductive Matched line : ( = ) = Γ = 0 ; s =1 No reflection . Total wave . So, max power transfer possible . Behaviour of Transmission Line for Different lengths :l = λ /4 → l = λ /2 : = ⇒ → impedance inverter @ l = λ /4 impedance reflector @ l = λ /2 Wave Guides :TM modes : ( = ) = sin x sin h =k +k ∴γ= ye + ω where k = ω m→ no. of half cycle variation in X-direction n→ no. of half cycle variation in Y- direction . Cut off frequency ω = k < k > β= k + u = phase velocity = + + + γ = 0; α = 0 = β →
suspected it consisted of a single curved line and a single straight one. For my retests, I studied it
3. Metal width; increasing the width of the metal will reduce the inductance; somehow it will resonate at early frequency.
From this it can be seen, the signal having the two sidebands, each other's mirror, and a carrier. To improve the efficiency of the signal, both in terms of power and spectrum use, carriers can be removed, or at least reduce it, and remove one sideband - one is a mirror. (Poole,
How does changing the resistor size affect the amplitude of signal voltage in a receiving circuit?
10) If the second positive charge were moved away from the first Positive charge, would this involve positive or negative work.
The stream of complex numbers is rearranged so that the pilots can be inserted. In each OFDM symbol, four pilot signals are inserted in order to make the coherent detection robust against frequency offsets and phase noise. The pilots are BPSK modulated by a pseudo binary sequence to prevent the generation of spectral lines [18]. A zero padded block adds zeros, in the right places, to adjust the IFFT bin size to length N. Selector block rearranges the sub-carriers so that real signal output can be generated. The IFFT block then computes the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) of length N, where, for ease of implementation, N is a power of
Fig.7-a) Total harmonic distortion versus input currents at 1 MHz. b) Total harmonic distortion versus input currents at 100 MHz. c) Total harmonic distortion versus input currents at 1 GHz (various amplitudes of I_x signal and a fixed amplitude of I_y signal).
The below figure indicates the 5 values I’ve chosen for K between 0.5 and 1 and shows how smooth the transition is from the original value to 1.
PHASE:A phase is the shift in the waveform w.r.t the time.It can be described as the shift in the signal along the time axis .It is measurd in radians and degree.
However, there are some limitations which are always associated with every type of design, for example in this case though the Q-factor can be decreased accordingly by lowing the value of dielectric constant but if lowered drastically, it fails to capture enough amount of electromagnetic energy and to act as an efficient resonator.
We represent this fact graphically in the following figure \ref{Figure:Phase}. Each part of the figure describes briefly.
these subcarriers to a higher frequency band. Except for a multiplying constant (1=N), the above
strating the energy transformations involved in the process * outlines what frequency modulation or amplitude modulation is
Reached East tamaki director as regard this phone is not fully visable Unpractical without a console and presently suspended and rendered unusable hence
where dPmax is the maximum change in pressure, k is angular wave number, and w is angular frequency.