Effect Of Ifc On Fentanel

Commonly used in medicine as an anesthetic or narcotic for pain relief, Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid. It is usually administered in very small doses as premedication for surgeries or as a reliever for chronic pain in cancer patients. In veterinary medicine, fentanyl can also be used to tranquilize or sedate animals. This substance can be found in the form of a tablet, injection, patch or spray, and is legal if it is prescribed for medical purposes. Intoxication can also occur through exposure, as detailed by the Drug Enforcement Administration.

Narcotics have long been a plague of our society. Abused substances range from basement made concoctions of unknown origin and up to prescription medication abuse. Fentanyl, an opioid drug, is a recent addition to addicts’ portfolio and it is extremely dangerous.

Heroin itself can be taken in three ways, injecting a solution of heroin and water into your vein, snorting it, or inhaling it. A person will receive maximum effects if they inject it. Basically heroin makes people feel as if they are in a state of Euphoria for a small amount of time, and cause people to be drowsy warm and content, which kind of detaches you from pain.

Like most drugs, Oxycontin can be abused in many different forms. It can be taken orally, crushed up and snorted, or dissolved and injected. By crushing it up or injecting it, it causes an instant feeling of euphoria when it enters the body. Oxycontin is often called “poor man’s heroin” due to the fact that they both have comparable effects. When the user is exposed to constant amounts of

Developed in 1959 by a Belgian chemist, Fentanyl came into widespread use in the mid-1990s as a painkiller and anesthetic. With the widespread availability of this drug as a common prescription, it’s not difficult to understand how easy it is to become dependant on. Here begins the problem, for once their prescriptions run out, people need to buy drugs off the street to feed their addictions. Now, buying drugs off the street can be incredibly dangerous, as drugs produced in illegal labs without a way to control dosage can be deadly. This is an especially big issue with fentanyl, because of its potency; “A few hundred

Intravenous Naloxone reaches the brain two minutes faster than intranasal Naloxone, which could be the difference between life or death. However, through an I.V., 100% of Naloxone reaches the brain. On the other hand, Strang, McDonald, Tas, and Day discovered that when intranasal Naloxone is not administered at a 90 degree angle or the nasal cavity is blocked with vomit, Naloxone gathers at the back of the throat and is swallowed by the Naloxone recipient (576). This means that when intranasal Naloxone is administered, Naloxone has to be administered repeatedly to fully reverse opioid overdose. Often times, intranasal Naloxone is followed by administration of intravenous or intramuscular Naloxone. While using intravenous and intramuscular administration, there is no way to slow the absorption of Naloxone.

OxyContin is a controlled drug containing oxycodone, the active ingredient responsible for eliminating the pain associated with: injuries, bursitis, dislocation, fractures, neuralgia, arthritis, lower back pain, and pain associated with cancer. When taken according to the proper dosage, the oxycodone runs on a perfectly timed release in the body’s system in order to manage the pain. This narcotic, when abused, produces heroin like effects and can enable the user to develop a tolerance, forcing an increase in dosage per intake in order to achieve the desired effects. Though OxyContin is

“ Methadone comes in several forms which are tablets, discs, oral solution, or injectable liquid (dea.gov)”. Someone who takes this drug can take different forms of the drug each time they use it. To

Firstly, morphine is an analgesic opioid that exists in tablets or solution form and could be consumed through swallowing,

The over use of opioid has been one of the major public health problem in the United States (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2018). Opioids include prescription medications that are used to treat pain symptoms which includes codeine, morphine, methadone, hydrocodone, and etc., as well as illegal drugs such as heroin and illicit potent on opioids such as fentanyl analogs (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2018). The opioid overdose could happen due to many factors such as when a patient deliberately misuses a prescription, or misuse heroin (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2018). Opioid overdose could happen due to the prescriber miscalculated the opioid dose or when

“Heroin has analgesic and euphoric properties” (Abadinsky, 2014, p. 45). When the drug is taken and enters the body, heroin relieves pain, works as a sedative, decreases one’s anxiety, relaxes muscles, slows motor activity, drowsiness, and a feel of well being (Abadinsky, 2014). When taken, heroin will typically start to work within ten seconds, depending the method used to ingest the drug (Abadinsky, 2014). Most users will take a needle full of heroin after he or she cooked the powder into a liquid, and injected through the skin into a vein (Abadinsky, 2014). Heroin can also be smoked by inhaling the fumes like when marijuana is smoked (Abadinsky, 2014). There are four different stages that can occur when a person uses heroin, including the rush, the high, the nod, and being straight (Abadinsky, 2014). The rush is when the user experiences multiple types of euphoric feelings, instinctive sensations, a flushed face, and deeper vocals (Abadinsky, 2014). “Heroin activates brain systems that are responsible for reinforcing peoperties of such natural rewards as food and sex” (Abadinsky, 2014, p. 45). The high is a feeling of well-being that can last for hours, but the high can be less effective depending on the user’s tolerance to the drug (Abadinsky, 2014). Therefore, if a user has a high tolerance to the high, he or she must increase dose size in order to experience the effects of the high (Abadinsky,

Opioid analgesics are the widely prescribed medications for both non-cancer and cancer-related pain. Opioid dugs provide significant benefit for patients, when they used for their approved indications. However, opioids are also carries the risk of abuse, misuse and death. In 2009, more than 15,500 people died in the United States due to overdose of narcotic pain relievers. In order to combat the opioid misuse, abuse, and addiction, FDA has taken many steps to address this problem over the last few decades. The task force’s multi- pronged approach targets, drug development, opioid labeling, prescriber education, patient education, exploring innovative packaging and storage to prevent abuse, encouraging the development of products that treat abuse and overdose and role of other agencies.

A heroin overdose blocks signals from the brain to the lungs, stopping a victim’s breathing (Daner). Naloxone infiltrates the brain cells and rejects the heroin’s response from blocking opioid receptors allowing the signals to reach the lungs again reversing the patient 's respiratory depression, causing the act of breathing to resume. Narcan does this rather quickly, because it is lipid soluble. Reversal of respiratory depression is evident

3Transdermal delivery of fentanyl has a variety of advantages compared to other delivery systems. Unlike oral administration, transdermal fentanyl avoids first–pass hepatic effect of the liver, which can prematurely metabolize drugs. In comparison with oral opioids, transdermal fentanyl has a lower incidence and impact of adverse effects such as constipation and vomiting, it also enhances patience compliance (as administration is every 72 hours). Transdermal delivery of fentanyl is also more convenient in comparison to hypodermic injection which can be very painful but also exert dangerous medical waste and increase disease transmission with the re use of needles (which is very common in developing countries).

Nurses play a vital role in observing and interpreting the current symptoms of patients. It is vital that nurses are able to understand the overall symptoms associated with certain diseases and drugs and can confidently present this information to the physician for review and proper patient treatment. Here, the patient's symptoms are suggesting a distinct and dangerous disease as well as possible side effects from Fentanyl.