Effectiveness Of Biphosphonates And Functional Electrical Stimulation Essay

Before starting pharmacological medication preventive measures should be taken. For example, weight-bearing exercise, calcium and vitamin D intake, quit smoking and alcohol. After that start osteoporosis medication if it is primary, but if it is secondary treat the underlying cause first. These drugs do not treat osteoporosis, but decrease further loss of BMD which include Bisphosphonates (Alendronate- Risedronate- Ibandronate- Zoledronic acid), Raloxifene (Selective estrogen receptor modulators), Calcitonin (hormone decreases bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast activity), Denosumab, Teriparatid(Parathyroid hormone). The first drug used is alendronate because of its high efficacy in preventing fractures and low cost. If the first line drug failed other bisphosnates or denosumab can be used. Ralaxofeine used as third line drug because it has a risk of developing blood clot diseases, yet it decreases the risk of breast cancer . Calcitonin is used for those who are contraindicated to the previous drugs because of its low efficacy. Teriparatid is the only drug that works by increasing BMD, but is the last drug used. It is taken for a maximum 2 years and expensive and contraindicated in those who have history or having a bone cancer. For those patients who complain of sever back pain surgery might be suitable for them as a last solution although the efficacy and safety

Slowing the rate of calcium and bone loss, therefore stopping the disease processes are the goals in the treatment of osteoporosis. Medications should be considered from the following selections. Bisphosphonates (e.g. alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, zoledronic acid) are the medications of choice for treating osteoporosis. Bisphosphonates help decrease the bone destruction by inhibiting hydroxyapatite breakdown, and increase bone mineralization, therefore increasing bone density (Medical Services

Benita Hexter and Sue Paddison are clinical specialist physiotherapists at the London Spinal Cord Injury Centre, part of the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust in Stanmore, Middlesex.

Prognosis is guarded at this time since the patient is actively rehabbing and treatment is incomplete. The patient understands that chiropractic management through active and passive treatments have been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of chronic spinal soft tissue injuries.

Spinal cord trauma affects a multitude of individuals globally. Many common spinal cord injuries occur frequently from motor vehicle accidents, athletics, falls, and disease and are not curable (Center NSCISC 2013). Depending on the area that is damaged, there are numerous consequences of spinal cord injuries that affect the body in different ways. As individuals age, their susceptibility to such injuries significantly increases and is frequently caused by falling. However, anyone is susceptible to spinal cord trauma. In the United States, 906 individuals per one million have some sort of spinal cord injury. The peak age of those affected is younger than thirty and the elderly. The most prevalent reason comes from automobile accidents and

Denosumab, which inhibits bone resorption by binding to the RANKL, was the first biologic therapy approved to treat osteoporosis [11,12]. A large trial involving women with a BMD T score between −2.5 and −4.0 at the lumbar spine or total hip showed that treatment with denosumab (60 mg administered twice yearly by subcutaneous injection) had a significantly lower risk of fractures than the placebo group [13]. A few clinical studies have focused on individuals who received prior bisphosphonates therapy and transitioned to denosumab compared with those continuing bisphosphonates. They found transition to denosumab produce greater increases in BMD at all measured skeletal sites [14,15]. However, Anastasilakis et al. reported that in patients previously treated with bisphosphonates, denosumab reduces bone turnover more than bisphosphonates, but the increases in BMD are comparable [16]. Recently, several high- quality RCTs on transform to denosumab or to continue bisphosphonates had been published [17,18]. Thus, it is critical to integrate these findings to comprehensively evaluate the efficacy and safety of transition to denosumab or continuing bisphosphonates in postmenopausal women who received prior bisphosphonates therapy in order to guide and normalize its use on

Diagnoses include the following: status post blunt head injury with loss of consciousness; posttraumatic cephalgia; cervical spine strain/sprain with radiculitis; thoracic spine strain/sprain; lumbosacral spine strain/sprain with radiculitis; status post left shoulder arthroscopic surgery dated 07/28/14; postsurgical left frozen shoulder and stiffness; left wrist pain secondary to cane use; bilateral knee strain; bilateral knee tendinosis, left knee degenerative joint disease, aggravated; sleep disturbance secondary to pain; and depression, situational. He is referred for follow-up with neurology.

Two million osteoporosis-related fractures occur annually in the United States alone [1]. Besides the economic burden, these fractures cause significant morbidity, disability and sometimes premature death [2]. The introduction of bisphosphonates (BP) since the 1990s, has led to dramatic improvement in the outcomes of osteoporosis. As bone resorption inhibitors, they are the first-line treatment of osteoporosis with some additional indications of use in Paget’s disease, osteogenesis imperfecta, hypercalcemia of malignancy and bone metastasis. Osteoporosis treatment is offered to patients with either of following conditions: a) osteopenia and history of fragility fracture in hip or spine, b)

Per the QME report dated 08/21/14 by Dr. Hurria, the patient has a calculated total whole person impairment grating of 33%. Diagnoses include arthritis of both hips, status post right total hip replacement, cervical/lumbar sprain, radiculopathy to both upper and lower extremities, right cubital tunnel syndrome and impingement of both shoulders. Future medical treatment includes decompression of both shoulder, transfer of the anterior ulnar nerve

Bisphosphonates are a class of drugs used in the treatment of multiple diseases that result in the loss of bone mass. Such diseases include osteoporosis, multiple myeloma, and bone metastasis as a result of breast or prostate cancer. (Lam et al., 2007). There are several different mechanisms through which bisphosphonates work to prevent bone loss. One such method is to inhibit bone resorption by: preventing recruitment of osteoclasts to the site of bone injury, inhibiting osteoclast activity, and initiating apoptosis in osteoclasts. Certain classes of bisphosphonates are capable of inhibiting the proliferation and stimulating the apoptosis of cancer cells by interfering with the adhesion of the cells to the bone matrix. (Lam et al., 2007).

5 This patient may present with low back pain, gait instability, lack of trunk rotation and

The use of bisphosphonates in children with osteoporosis is now well established and it has generally been well tolerated in pediatric patients. This article summarizes a 13-year experience of using ZA therapy in pediatric population with osteoporosis at KAUH (in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Considering the relatively wide study group, this study is regarded as the first of its kind amongst middle-east population. With osteoporosis, management and prognosis of the child’s condition are affected by the underlying etiology. According to the present retrospective study, Osteogenesis imperfecta was the most prevalent primary etiology presented to our pediatric endocrine clinic. On the other hand,several forms of secondary osteoporosis were prevalent as well in this population (table2).As the main goals of pharmacological therapy in osteoporosis including; decrease fracture rate, bone pain, increase mobility, independency, and decrement in bone turnover markers, have been achieved, the results of this study prove that cyclic intravenous ZA is an efficient treatment for children and adolescent with osteoporosis. In

The aim of this study was to investigate whether repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can improve motor recovery in lower extremities of the patients with subacute stage spinal cord injury (SCI). This study was conducted with 19 subjects diagnosed with paraplegia because of SCI. The experimental group included 10 subjects who underwent active rTMS, and the control group included 9 subjects who underwent sham rTMS. The SCI patients in the experimental group underwent conventional rehabilitation therapy, and active rTMS was applied daily to the hotspot of the lesional hemisphere. The SCI patients in the control group underwent sham rTMS and conventional rehabilitation therapy. The participants in both the groups received therapy five days per week for six weeks. Latency, amplitude, and velocity were assessed before and after the six-week therapy period. A significant difference in post-treatment gains for the latency and velocity was observed between the experimental and control groups (p 0.05). We conclude that rTMS may be beneficial in improving motor recovery in lower extremities of subacute stage SCI patients.

For decades scientists have been working to try and find a way to remedy the various ailments that spinal cord injuries can bring, but with

A major site of injury that puts many essential neurons at risk is the spinal cord, which contains many neurons essential for proper motor functionality. The spinal cord is made up of nervous tissue within spinal vertebrae. The spinal cord receives sensory information from the skin, muscles, joints, tissues, as well as other parts of the body, and then relays information to and from the brain. Injury to the spinal cord can cause dislocation of vertebrae, resulting in various paralyzing disabilities such as quadriplegia (paralysis from the neck down) or paraplegia (paralysis of the lower body). The severity of the disability depends on the location of the injury (Schwab et al. 2002). There are two main phases of spinal cord injury. The first phase is physical tissue destruction, which is followed by tissue loss caused by irregular blood supply to the injury site. Because of this disrupted blood supply,