radical political agenda. Ruttman intercuts shots of the bourgeoisie with shots of the working classes and animals at various points throughout the film. While these juxtapositions show the unequal circumstances of different social classes, often the effect is diminished by the ambiguity in Ruttman’s editing and his emphasis on the formal qualities of the film. Although his juxtapositions may be interpreted as commentary about social inequality, generally Ruttman avoids any overt criticism of social