Effects Of Parental Investment On Children

In many ways the conditions of social class affect parent’s options and decisions they face when parenting. “Children living in

To begin with, raising a child can be an expense that can decrease personal comfort and financial stability. In recent times, many citizens have experienced a decrease or stall in income while the cost of goods and services has increased. Our society is greatly influenced by the perceived benefits of trinkets and events that are presented as delivering happiness and, the attainment of these are costly. A night out on the town or a pair of name-brand shoes may very well cost more than the wages earned from a day’s work. The costs of raising children will require that

A child's early experience of being nurtured and developing a bond with a caring adult affects all aspects of behavior and development. When parents and children have strong, warm feelings for one another, children develop trust that their parents will provide what they need to thrive, including love, acceptance, positive guidance, and

Nowadays, education is often linked to independence and empowerment. The emphasis is on education has increased over the years, but there is still a noticeable and omnipresent achievement gap in our educational system between students of all levels. Research studies have suggested that educational achievement has remained unbalanced for a variety of reasons, one of which is the lack of parental involvement in their children’s academic performance (Larocque, Kleiman & Darling, 2011). Parental involvement refers to the amount of participation a parent has when it comes to schooling and her child 's life. Parental involvement can take on many forms and is perceived as an operational strategy to improve student success, as evidenced in studies done on the relationship between parental involvement and academic performance in children. (Bower, 2011)

Overall, the lack of parental involvement due to a low economic status reduces high expectations for children due to the lack of financial and relationship stability. According to Osborne and Ankrum (2015), low-income families reduce material hardship significantly by creating parental stress, alter positive parenting, decreasing parental involvement, which lower cognitive ability and social skills. In addition, financial support from parents is needed to provide the highest level for cognitive development and social skills. The lack of financial support decreases parental involvement in the child’s development, such as shared activities, helping and guiding homework sessions. In conclusion, the more time a parent invests in their children rather than being at work, increases their child’s academic success, reduce levels of delinquency, and promote social and emotional well being (Osborne & Ankrum, 2015).

Already since the 1960’s, medical research has shown the importance of the early bonds created by parents and their children. These theories on attachment have demonstrated the effect of attachment with social and emotional development and its direct relationship with future behavioral issues. Numerous studies have shown the existing links between early security and insecurity in the early relationships formed by the child, and future outcomes in his teenage and adult behaviors. Nonetheless, most of these studies have not considered the effects of early attachment between the child and the individual parent. That is, there are very few studies which have concentrated their research in the mother-child interaction, and father-child interaction. Still, these studies have shown that children’s attachment at an early age demonstrate good emotional health (as related to attachment to the mother), and behavior regulation (when considering attachment to the father). Generally though, the final results have been similar to those shown when the studies considered attachment to both parents.

The results will be analyzed by looking at the descriptive statistics that are used to summarize socio-demographic involvement and improvement on parent-child interaction. The correlations between the two groups are computed to assess the improvement on the parent-child interaction based on receiving proper parent education and actively being a participant of the Healthy Families America program. A table will be used to list the socio-demographic characteristics listing the high risk factors that are questioned during the parent survey assessment.

Parental investment, in evolutionary psychology, is any parental expendture that benefits one offspring at a cost to parent's ability to invest in other components of fitness. Components if fittness include the wellbeing of existing offspring, parent's future sexual reproduction, and inclusive fitness through aid to kin. Parental investment may be performed by both the male and female (biparental care), the female alone (exlusive maternal care) or the male alone (exclusive paternal care). Introduced in 1930 by biologist Ronald Fisher, parental care is found in a broad range of taxonomic groups, including both ectothermic (amphibians,reptiles,fish) and endothermic (mammals ad birds) species. Care can be provided at any stage of the offspring's

These scholarly articles on theoretical perspectives will help to identify key perspectives in parenting choices to give a closer look into the choices that parent’s makes and the effects they will have on their children social and economic development. In other words, it can enlighten the theories on how some children continue on through their adult phrase and family traits on their socioeconomic patterns.

In divorce many courts will award custody to mothers, with 44% of trial or evaluation cases going to the mother. Paternal custody is less common with 11% of cases that went to to trial or evaluation going to the father, 40% of these cases end in joint custody (How is Custody Decided? Divorce Peers). When the custody is given to the mother, the children may not see their fathers as much, and it has been proven that “ a father’s frequent and positive involvement with his child from infancy on, is directly related to the child’s well-being and physical, cognitive, and social development (Papalia; Olds; Feldman 2008). Living with single mothers is also linked with poverty, “ children living with single mothers are nearly 5 times more likely to be poor than children living with married couples- 42 percent compared with 9 percent (Papalia; Olds; Feldman 2008). Although if children are close to nonresident fathers and fathers are authoritative parents they are more likely to do better in school and less likely to behave badly (Papalia; Olds; Feldman 2008). The cooperative parenting strategy or the consultation of mother and nonresident father led to more contact between father and child and in turn better father child relationships (Papalia; Olds; Feldman

In the article Fatherhood in the Twenty-First Century (Cabrera, Tamis-LeMonda, Bradley, Hofferth, Lamb, 2000), the change in paternal trends over the past years is examined through four main theories. The study goes on to investigate the effects of a father figure involvement throughout a child's lifespan, while also examining the effects this would have on future generations. The article organizes its theory in four main domains including, increased involvement of mothers at work, less involvement from divorced fathers, a higher involvement by fathers happily married and an increase in varying racial groups. Such results are used to decipher what impacts the development of a child. They examine this by specifically looking at financial responsibility,

Bean & Wood (1974) acknowledged that it would be rational to assume that higher fertility rates are directly linked to families that have higher incomes (p. 629). This is because childrearing requires families to economically support their offspring. Considering this, it would be logical to predict that higher fertility rates would be linked to families that have a great deal of economic resources at their disposal. Contrary to this assumption, measuring the influence of income on fertility is very complex and this relationship is not as clear-cut as the previous assumption might allude to.

In the first years of a child’s life, love may be as nourishing as food. Psychologists widely agree with parental psychopathology is a crucial risk factor for the development of their child across multiple domains (Sanders 2002). Nonorganic failure to thrive (NOFTT) describes the delayed growth and development of infants due to factors extrinsic the infant. Sometimes referred to as growth faltering or weight faltering, most definitions of NOFTT include a weight less than the 5th percentile on the growth chart or a decreasing rate of weight gain (Powell, 1988). Growth faltering is the most common category of FTT in the United States and can occur even when infants are properly nourished (Powell, 1988). These infants tend to be apathetic and

Single parent families, especially those headed by a female, differ greatly from married couple families in their characteristics. Single parent families are more likely to be poor, receive welfare, and contain young children. In 1990 female-headed households had a poverty rate of 33.4 percent while poverty rates for married couple and male-headed households were 5.7 and 12.0, respectively. (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1991a). As reflected by their higher poverty rate, the earnings power of women heading households is far less than that of married couples or male only

Parental involvement has many positive effects on both child and parent. Some of the benefits of parental involvement for children are a significantly increased cognitive development, an improvement in the child’s motivation, a stronger parent-child relationship and, of course, increased academic achievement. Some of the benefits parental involvement has on parents are gaining a more positive attitude about themselves and their parenting skills, increased self-confidence and an increased satisfaction about their child’s school and faculty at the school (Becher, 2001). There are many benefits to parents’ involvement in their elementary school child’s life, but,