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Empathy : A Multi Dimensional Psychological Process

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Empathy has been suggested to be a multi-dimensional psychological process (Zaki & Ochsner, 2012) that involves related, yet separate, cognitive and affective empathetic systems such as affective sharing, perspective-taking, and cognitive appraisal (Hein & Singer, 2008; Lamm et al., 2007; Olsson & Ochsner, 2008). These empathetic processes rely on both bottom-up and top-down processes, where the former is stimuli driven (e.g., observing facial expressions), and the latter includes the observer’s knowledge, experiences, and beliefs about the observed state (Goubert et al., 2005). Two main components of empathy have been proposed: affective empathy (AE) and cognitive empathy (CE) (e.g., Decety & Meyer, 2008; Fan et al., 2011; Mathur, Harada, Lipke, & Chiao, 2010). AE is said to be the most basic form of empathy and is most commonly known as empathic concern (Preston & de Waal, 2002). It refers to the indirect sharing of another’s emotional state, though not necessarily identical (Smith, 2006); and is also a response involving emotion recognition skills and emotional reactivity (Tone & Tully, 2014). Affective empathetic responses have been found to be an automatic, instinctive, and unconscious process (Belzung, 2014; Chartrand & Bargh, 1999; Dimberg & Thunberg, 1998; Dimberg, Thunberg, & Elmehed, 2000; Han, Fan, & Mao, 2008). On the other hand, CE is seen to be a more complex form of empathy (Shamay-Tsoory, Aharon-Peretz, & Perry, 2009). It refers to the mental capacity to

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