Empathy: How Perception Relates to Compassion
Rebecca Wildman
Mind and Brain
Prof. Tong
Word Count: 1624
Have you ever watched a video clip of a person getting injured, and then winced and felt pain in a similar area of your body? Sometimes, when someone else hits their knee or elbow on something, do you find yourself saying “ouch” or clutching yourself? Empathy is what allows you to feel the pain of someone else though you are not physically experiencing it. Some studies have shown that the empathic activity in response to pain is not associated with the exact sensory and motor qualities of it but instead with its unpleasantness, as the sensory and motor pathways are not replicating the exact pain that another person experiences (Singer
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O’Doherty, Klaas E. Stephan, Raymond J. Dolan, and Chris D. Frith investigated how our perception of others impacts just how empathetic we are towards them and their pain (2006). To accomplish this, the researchers used the economic game model. The study’s participants played a sequential Prisoner’s Dilemma game with one of two confederates, which are actors who participate in psychological studies but are employed by the researcher and have assigned roles. One of these confederates played fairly and always followed a certain pattern, in this case tripling the points that the participant sent. The other confederate did not play fairly. In the game, the subject would make the first move, so they would have to decide whether to trust the confederate with his or her point money. The confederate would then either return high or low amounts of money to the subject depending on whether the actor was to play fairly or unfairly. As a result, the subjects began to favor the fair players, viewing them as not only fairer, but also more likable and even more attractive than the unfair players, who they were conditioned to dislike.
After the games were completed, the subjects were placed into a functional magnetic resonance imaging device, or fMRI, which scans brain activity by measuring the blood flow in different regions of the brain. The two confederates were placed on either side of the subject so that he or she could see their
Furthermore, during empathizing, emotional reaction in the observer correlates with the fact that connections between the person’s mental state and his or her behavior are not always governed by lawful conduct of emotion. The response to the other person’s mental state creates a gap between systemizing and empathizing, for without empathetic response, one could only have a very small or inaccurate reading of a person’s emotion. The systemizer only expects that the person’s mental state will at least constrain their behavior. The level of empathy one has is greatly affected by how systematic they are.
Empathy, the ability to recognize and share feelings of others, has been in our brains since the beginning of time. It was discovered by the Greeks which they called it, “Empatheia” meaning, “In feeling.” Then a German psychologist Vischer in 1837 and he called it
It has been observed that mirror neurons are active when a person feels an emotion or witnesses another person expressing emotion, which could explain the feeling of empathy.
It is more challenging to empathize with another individual’s suffering when you are in a friendly and content situation (Bergland). In a study printed in on Research printed in the Journal of Neuroscience has recognized that the inclination to be conceited is instinctive for human beings (Bergland). The right supramarginal gyrus of your brain distinguishes a lack of empathy and autocorrects by distinguishing emotional state from that of other people and is responsible
Gaining life experience provides people with a greater capacity for empathy and enables people to create new relationships. Ernest Hemingway establishes this benefit of empathy in “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place,” a short story in which a young waiter expresses his dislike for customers who waste his time and an old waiter shows understanding of a deaf customer’s need for a safe place in the early hours of the morning. Raymond Carver’s short story “Cathedral” further develops that seeking novel experiences inspires compassion when a man attempts to describe a cathedral to Robert, a blind man. Characterization in both short stories conveys that the willingness to pursue new life experiences allows for greater empathy, an emotion which allows people
Empathy is the ability to understand the situation and share the feelings and also be able to identify a client's experiences. A counsellor must be able to imagine how it feels to be in a client's shoes and manage to understand the situation from their point of view. "Empathy has been described in different ways: walking in another's shoes, entering into another person's frame of reference or having the ability to experience life as the other person does by entering the person's world of thoughts, feelings, emotions and meanings", (Martha,2012) .In the other hand, the good counsellor still have the ability to be understanding even though the they are not agree with the client's perspective in order to solve the client's issues effectively.
fMRI scans were performed by using a complex machine with massive specifications, named 4-T whole-body Varian/ Siemens imaging system. Before they start their imaging, the patient’s heart rate was monitored with a fiber-optic pulse oximeter and placed on their head was a radio frequency coil to capture a map of their brain. Each patient is then instructed to lie calmly, breathe through their nose, and allow themselves to focus on the script that the instructors were about to read. Each script would usually last them about 30 seconds. After the script is read, they are encouraged to recall a memory for about 60 seconds and once they start, so does their measurements of their heartbeats. The script is then repeated again after 120 seconds. This method is repeated 3 times.
According to Lockwood (2006), Anterior insula (AI) and Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) are the neurones have been found to influence the affection and motivation of individual when experiencing the pain. The similar responses to neurones in the brain activity can be found both victim and observer. This is because the neurones involve a wide range of cognitive and social-emotional functions play a role in empathic processing. This can be explained in our result; the observers have experienced the affection changes such as emotional and biological changes because the observers saw the actor experiences painful experience with unconscious and automatic experience. This can
The functional magnetic resonance imaging was the technique used to observe the participant’s that played video games. A fMRI uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity using changes in
In the first chapter of our book, Batson introduces the seeming complexity of empathy as he lays out eight different uses of the word empathy (Decety & Ickes, 2009). However, later in the book, Rogers expresses the simplicity of empathy in his observation of the healing power from just the intense presence of a therapist (Decety & Ickes, 2009). It seems easy to get lost in the terms and definitions of empathy. We read terms such as “grasp”, “sort through”, & “resonance” and can become overwhelmed about the
In Paul Bloom’s, “The Baby in the Well: The Case Against Empathy,” he argues, while there is a place for empathy in the world and it is important to create positive relationships, reason must be what we lean towards. Bloom believes empathy focuses on a small group or an individual which in turn blinds someone to larger issues at hand. In order to get his point across he uses a formal writing style to show the importance of the subject. Bloom uses research conducted by psychologists and economists to prove points and show evidence. He also points out real world events, such as a missing girl that became head news at the same time as a genocide and how people reacted to each respectively. Although his article is convincing that reason is more
Empathy and compassion might seem automatic when caring for those in need. The sad reality is that working in an environment in where death becomes casual and common such as other tragedies, we conform to ignore the little idiosyncrasies that accompany sorrow and mourning. This story provides hope and comfort in knowing that as providers we still have the power to feel and to give when is needed. The human element of empathy transcend skills and specialties that are focused in care.
There is a common tie that connects people around the world: the experience of pain. While many people experience pain differently, and experience pain relative to their own levels of tolerance, pain is a universal sensation, and, at times, a shared experience. While individual physical pain is isolated to one’s own body, empathy for the physical pain of others and the resulting emotional pain can be shared. Being empathetic and considerate towards others not only brings people together, but also reinforces the mark of existence we all share due to the presence of pain. The nature of pain pushes the body and the mind to its limits, and because of this, it is a feeling that many people try to avoid. However, pain is important and necessary to the human experience because it is a mark of existence, teaching one to exercise sympathy, perseverance, and appreciation in a complex world shared by many.
Empathy derives from the German word Einfühlung, meaning to feel the suffering and troubles of another from within (Clarke, 2014). The empathic concern that enlivens us to action and to alleviate the perils, poverty or punishments borne by another. Humans devoid of empathy are bereft of compassion and immune to the needs and welfare of another.
Love, joy, grief, pride, shame, hate, fear, envy. We all have emotions and we recognise emotions in others. It is remarkable how often we are wrong about our own emotions and misread the emotions of others. Philosophers often call emotions appropriate or inappropriate. Virtue ethicists put a lot of importance to emotions and claim that emotions are an essential motivator of ethical behaviour and we should ethically assess people’s emotions responses directly (de Sousa 2014). The rationality and moral significance of emotions remains debatable due to the ambiguous questions about their justification. Many emotions seem to involve positive or negative evaluations of their objects e.g. to be angry at me is to evaluate me negatively. However, emotions are not necessarily tied to evaluative judgements, because we can be irrationally angry at someone even though we judge that they have done nothing wrong. And so, D’Arms & Jacobson (2000) describe emotions as involving “evaluative presentations” that do not force us to make the evaluative judgement, but put pressure on us to make judgement. The question then, is how can we evaluate emotional responses and whether such emotional responses are true or fitting or prudentially useful or morally right?