The underworld was viewed as the opposite of what we think of heavens. It is a dark and shadowy alternative reality of the life on earth. Ancient Mesopotamians believed that the universe is a sphere and that one-half of it was occupied by the living and the other half was occupied by the spirits of the dead. It was believed that this world resides far away from the realm of the living, but it was physically a short distance underground. It was called the "land of no return". However, the world is neither a place of pain and dread but it also is not a place of happiness and comfort, but in fact is a diminished and dim version of the world of the living; thus it was not "hell". It was merely a place for dead spirits whose bodies, graves, or …show more content…
Tablet twelve is an Akkadian translation of a Sumerian poem. Here, Enkidu is still alive, despite dying in tablet seven; so because it contradicted the poem it was deemed an "inorganic appendage" to the poem. However, this poem explains to us what happens to the fates of the people in the hereafter. Gilgamesh is upset and voices this to Enkidu that some of his belongings fell through the carpenter's house into the underworld. When Enkidu offers to retrieve it, Gilgamesh tells Enkidu that he must not bring attention to himself or he will be captured by the "cries of the dead". Enkidu does the opposite of Gilgamesh's advice and is captured by Ereshkigal. Time passes, so Gilgamesh prays to the gods but none of them help him except Shamash. Shamash raises Enkidu's spirit from the underworld to earth and Gilgamesh asks Enkidu what he saw in the netherworld, Enkidu replies that a vermin devoured his body. Gilgamesh asks what is life like for the dead, Enkidu says that the more children you have the better you treated; the dead who don't leave anyone to mourn them are the lowest ranked spirits in the …show more content…
However, the spirit has to go through a journey to get to the underworld, and they believe the more offering they receive from the living the easier the transition will become. People can be reunited in the underworld, and they are capable of recognizing each other, however the personalities of those ghosts are not the same. When they reach the underworld they are "judged" by the Annunaki on which place in the underworld they will be assigned to. There is obvious social hierarchy in the underworld and the two factors that influence that are: the social status of the dead individual when they were alive, the condition of the corpse, grave, or cult statue that is received from the living, and the number of children the deceased had. For example, the higher the social status in the living world the higher it is in the underworld, the more decorated gravesite the better treatment in the underworld, and so on. It is no surprise that there are more texts that focus on taking care for the etemmu, because the Mesopotamians wanted to please the spirits so they can avoid being haunted by
Upon arrival, Enkidu wimps out and says “Do not go down into the forest; when i opened the gate my hand lost its strength.” (76), to which Gilgamesh replies, “ Dear friend, do not speak like a coward. Have we got the better of so many dangers and travelled so far, to turn back at last?” (76-77). This dialogue between the two friends shows the huge difference in their personalities and highlights Enkidu’s cowardice and tentativeness and Gilgamesh’s bravery and strong will.
Enkidu and Gilgamesh to turn each other into great heros. Enkidu changes Gilgamesh as a human being and a king. He opens Gilgamesh to make a better name for himself and set out for a legacy on the world. He tells him the beast created by Enlil called the Humbaba. Gilgamesh sees this an epic way to create his mark on the world and ask Enkidu to join him. Before they depart, Ninsun adopts Enkidu as a son therefore Gilgamesh and Enkidu are truly brothers. She brings protection on both of them since she knew she couldn’t stop them from not killing the beast. This journey defines how their personalities start to rub off each other. Gilgamesh states to Enkidu, “Take my hand, friend, and we shall go on together, let your thoughts dwell on combat! Forget death and seek life!”. Enkidu starts to doubt their ability to defeat Humbaba. Enkidu recently before soothes Gilgamesh for his three dreams. He
In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Enkidu helps act as a catalyst for the transformation of Gilgamesh’s character from an undefeatable god-like brute into a complex thinker. In the eyes of Gilgamesh, he is unstoppable and is willing to challenge death itself so long as he is remembered as a hero by his subjects. With Enkidu’s help, Gilgamesh learns to become a better person as a ruler, not as a better warrior. Although not blood related, Enkidu was like a brother to Gilgamesh and the duo shared an inseparable bond. Throughout the epic, Enkidu teaches Gilgamesh that he is not unstoppable, being stubborn will not stop him from dying, and that there are no easy solutions to life.
For a while everything is fine in Enkidu's life until one day a trapper sees Enkidu and notices that Enkidu is preventing the trapper from catching any game. So to his father and the father send the trapper to Gilgamesh to get a harlot to trap Enkidu. And how does she trap Enkidu? By using her womanly powers, sex, and these powers Enkidu cannot resist. When Enkidu tries to return to his home in the forest, roaming with the animals, the animals reject Enkidu. The wild beasts reject Enkidu when he has been with a woman, as if being with a woman is contaminating: "When next he comes down to drink at the wells she will be there, stripped naked; and when he sees her beckoning he will embrace her, and then the wild beasts will reject him." So then the woman teaches Enkidu her ways. But then back with Gilgamesh, the power of lust and sex takes Gilgamesh and Gilgamesh try to take another virgin before the husband. Word gets back to Enkidu, who is the good to Gilgamesh's evil, and Enkidu travels to Uruk to stop Gilgamesh. When Enkidu arrives Enkidu fights Gilgamesh.
Many stories address the importance of companionship in one’s life and how a closeness with another person can lead to a mutual improvement on both sides of the relationship. The ancient Sumerian epic Gilgamesh explores the relationship between two soul mates, Gilgamesh and Enkidu, whose story was immortalized because of their dependence and trust in each other. Gilgamesh would not have been able to reach his full potential as a king, warrior, or person if it was not for the influence of Enkidu.
The underworld in Greek mythology was not a lively place, for it was where all the dead souls went. When a person died, the soul would be sent to Hades, a more formal name for the underworld. "The dead would go to Hades because there was no annihilation in the Greek mythology. The dead are dead because they have a flavorless and unhappy existence".
Gilgamesh also deals with perpetual life by symbolically demonstrating death and rebirth. Enkidu, after having intercourse with the prostitute Shamhat, is rejected by the animal kingdom that was his home (Gilgamesh 55-56). At this moment, Enkidu's life as an animal ends, but his life continues as a human. Similarly, the snake that steals Gilgamesh's plant of
In The Epic of Gilgamesh a young man meets and befriends a wild man named Enkidu. Enkidu, once a man who lived among animals, became civilized after having sex with a female. From this point on Gilgamesh and Enkidu’s relationship start, but shortly into the novel Enkidu becomes sick and dies. This is the start to Gilgamesh journey in attempting to avoid death by seeking immortality. In his quest Gilgamesh meets several people all who assign different routes to the next person he should speak to. Eventually he comes up and meets Urshanabi; the ferryman who then takes him to Utnapishtim. Urshanabi explains to Gilgamesh how the Gods met up and decided to destroy mankind through a flood. Also how Utnapishtim was informed of this and he built a huge wooden boat where he would take the seed of many different species of animals. Utnapishtim does not believe he is worthy of the gift so challenges him to a task where Gilgamesh must stay awake for days, he fails the challenge. Instead Utnapishtim advises Gilgamesh to retrieve a plant on the bottom of the ocean that will restore youth to anyone who eats it. When Gilgamesh goes back home he showers and in the midst of it a snake eats the flowers he returns to the city empty handed but full of wisdom. His journey has taught him that although he cannot live forever the human species will remain to live as an immortal species as long as they reproduce.
So, they put him through pain for so many days until he finally dies. His death changes Gilgamesh so much that he realizes he not the immortal god he thinks he is. This is show in this quote from the story “Hear me, great ones of Uruk, I weep for Enkidu, my friend, Bitterly moaning like a woman mourning I weep for my brother O Enkidu, my brother, You were the axe at my side, My hand's strength, the sword in my belt, The shield before me, He realizes that he is just like us a mortal mostly human being. Which lead to him searching for the one thing he now wants most in his life, Immortality. He goes on a quest to find him leads to him finding Utnapishtim. He tells Gilgamesh about the plant at the bottom of the river that will give him what he seeks, the key to immortality. When Gilgamesh retrieves it though, a snake comes up and eats the plant becoming immortal in the process. This means that he can no longer become immortal. He then comes home and becomes the good king and lives out the rest of his life until his death. This is shown in this quote from the story” The king has laid himself down and will not rise again, The Lord of Kullab will not rise again; He overcame evil, he will not come again; Though he was strong of arm he will not rise again”
men, hear me! Hear me, O elders of teeming Uruk, hear me! I shall weep
Later, Enkidu is punished for killing the Bull of Heaven and Humababa, Enkidu suffers from illness and ends up dying. Enkidu’s death affected Gilgamesh a lot; Enkidu’s death marks a change in Gilgamesh life. Gilgamesh change from a harsh and a strong person into someone who has feelings and a loving heart. Gilgamesh keeps thinking that if Enkidu can die then he can die too and all that Gilgamesh
In the epic of gilgamesh, Gilgamesh is a man and a God. He built high walls and had orchid fields around his city. He also wasn’t respectful. He touched women whenever he wanted to, He never gave his servants any type of love. Enkidu is a man who was created to tame gilgamesh. He was created by the Gods. The Gods wanted to tame him so they sent an equal power which was enkidu. A wild man who becomes Gilgamesh 's best friend. After being visited by Shamhat, the prostitute, Enkidu is civilized and leaves the animal world behind to journey with Shamhat to Uruk. Enkidu accompanies Gilgamesh to defeat Humbaba before he passes away. Gilgamesh journeys to the Underworld to try to bring
Enkidu's death left Gilgamesh frightened and confused. The despair in his heart was so great that he could not rest; would he ever be at peace? He became terrified of his own death. Puzzled and searching for answers, Gilgamesh set out on a quest for Utnapishtim. It is on this great journey that Gilgamesh learns of a
A dark, silent, formless void, a perpetual abyss without orientation, this is essentially what the Greeks believed was the origin of the world. The ancient Greeks while trying to further explain the world, invented beguiling myths (Evie). From these myths a world of human like gods and goddesses was formed (Evie). Through narratives, legends, and myths this world justified various abstract ideas, thus creating Greek mythology (Evie). A central element in Greek mythology is the underworld. The underworld is considered to be the place where one’s soul goes to after death. The underworld has played a vital role in Greek culture by serving as an incentive to live a virtuous life, which in turn has affected all aspects of Greek life.
The Odyssey emphasizes the barren and sad nature of the Underworld, showing that the Greeks believe that death is the end of life's happiness. Odysseus' mother explains to Odysseus why he cannot embrace her: “The sinews no longer hold the flesh and bones together;/ these perish in the fierceness of consuming fire as soon as life has/left the body, and the soul flits away as though it were a dream” (Homer 6). From this statement, it can be inferred that the Greeks think that death is a great equalizer. The bad have it worse in Hell but they die like the good, feeling rather sad in not being able to live again. Virgil, however, describes the Underworld in greater detail through its sequences and in much more glorified details (Leach 120). In The Aeneid, every seat in the Underworld is a product of judgment on people's lives (121). Virgil depicts Pluto's dome, which has the roman vestibulum where official and honorable guests congregate (121). Virgil also describes the differences between the people of honor and people of sin in the Underworld. Sinners suffer in the cliff guarded by Tisiphone, where vultures eat their livers and experience numerous other forms of suffering. The Underworld also holds heroes who continually fight their legendary battles: “Here found they Tsucer's old heroic race,/ Born better times and happier years to grace./ Assaracus and Ilus here enjoy/ Perpetual fame, with him who founded Troy” (Virgil 6). Virgil is saying that