Entry Of Firms From Entering The Market

The barrier to enter Biotechnology industry is high. The first barrier is the extensive requirements in funding coming from heavy expenditures in R&D, along with the risk of little to no returns or even heavy losses if the drug fails to reach the market. Regulatory environment partly contributes to the barrier as the new drug approval process can be time-consuming with relatively 89% of failure to pass through. The second barrier is specialization. Companies with knowledge in obscure diseases will enjoy low threat of new entrant for there are few experts in the field.

Both potential and existing competitors influence average industry profitability. The threat of new entrants is usually based on the market entry barriers. They can take diverse forms and are used to prevent an influx of firms into an industry whenever profits, adjusted for the cost of capital, rise above zero. In contrast, entry barriers exist whenever it is difficult or not economically feasible for an outsider to replicate the incumbents’ position (Porter, 1980b; Sanderson, 1998) The most common forms of entry barriers, except intrinsic physical or legal obstacles, are as follows:

Threat of New Entrants - The easier it is for new companies to enter the industry, the more cutthroat competition there will be. Factors that can limit the threat of new entrants are known as barriers to entry. Some examples include:

Factors that can limit the threat of new entrants are known as barriers to entry. In this case barriers to entry are low because: there is no government intervention to prevent businesses from entering the industry, resources are abundant, and customers’ switching costs are low as well as fixed costs to start this type of business.

In order to have a great company it is important to understand and identify the qualities that make it intangible. Barriers to entry are essential to great returns, but are a key factor that prevents or make it challenging for new competitors to easily enter a market. The existence of barriers to entry makes the market less competitive. The authors of The Curse of the Mogul use competitive advantage interchangeably, describing it as a sexier-sounding alternative to the phrase barriers to entry. It is their idea that when a business has exceptional barriers, then the strategy becomes about reinforcing the competitive advantage. Considering Google as the

Monopolistic competition and Oligopoly are considered imperfectly competitive markets that are a result of few to many firms offering differentiated products. Differentiation of products impede substitution, which allow producers to earn higher than normal profits and thereby enhance shareholder wealth (Byrd, J., Hickman, K., & McPherson, M., 2013). Oligopolies are highly interdependent, with actions of one firm will resulting in a reaction from another. The interdependence results in higher efficiency as a necessity to compete with rivals. According to Claessens "greater development, lower costs, enhanced efficiency and a greater and wider supply resulting from competition will lead to greater [financial] access (2009).

The threat of entry does not only depend on new entrants ' expectation of focal firms

Entrants erode the market and rarely grow it enough to the incumbent’s advantage. New entrants have an impact on the industry business but at a moderate level. This is mainly because new firms will find it difficult to compete against the incumbents’ strong brand, like Starbucks and McDonalds, and because the market is saturated. However, the costs of entry are relatively low. Most of the raw materials are cheap and the distribution chain is not complicated. This makes it easy for new companies to enter the market. Also, established companies might leverage their brands as they enter the industry to compete against the incumbents.

Another quality of perfect competition that may be overlooked, but is vital to this industry is the ease of entry into the market. Start-up franchises within this market structure can begin operating with relatively low initial investments (compared to other industries). This is not the case where monopolies are concerned. There are numerous barriers to entry into monopolistic market structures, capital being one of the most prominent barriers.

With this come different strategies to achieve growth such as through market penetration, product development, market development and diversification. When these all are broken down in details, it becomes a clearer picture. So when it comes to market penetration it is the objective of reaching higher number of sales and having a larger share with products already existing. Out of the four strategies this is the least risky one. However, there is still some low risk because prices which are low are being used to penetrate markets and it could lead to potentially damaging price wars that reduces the profit margins of all firms in the industry. When it comes to market development, it means to sell the products already existing in a market, but to sell them in a new market, this includes exporting goods to overseas markets or selling to a new market segment. When it is about Product development it is the progress made in current existing products and then sold or even new products being sold in existing markets. For example, the launch of red bull standard, they took a product which had already been in the market before, changed it a little bit and modified it and converted into a different version and sold it in the same market where red bull standard was sold. Product development is about creating something new or modifying product into its better self to attract consumers. Moving to Diversification- it means selling unrelated goods or new products, in new markets The

Threat of New Entrants – The threat of new competitors entering an industry is high when initial

If an industry is profitable, it will become a magnet to attract more competitors looking to do same business with us. If it is easy for these new entrants to enter the market, this poses a threat to the firms already competing in that market. Threat of new entrants is one of the forces that shape the competitive structure of an industry (Marc, 2014). A high threat of entry means new competitors are attracted by the profits of the industry and can enter the industry easily. New competitors entering the marketplace can make the market share and profitability of existing competitors more threaten cause the existing competitor to make some changes to existing product quality or price levels. A high threat of new entrance can make an industry more competitive and decrease profit potential for existing competitors whereas a low high threat of new entrance can make an industry less competitive and increases profit potential for the existing

Again, with high entry barriers they are not bombarded with other firms coming and going from their market. (Samuelson and Marks, 2010).

But even though the entry for small players could be easy, the entry for a large firm is not that easy. A high technical expertise is must for a new entry. The brand image of the large players who are most like acquire and retain customers also act as a barrier.

The non-alcoholic beverages industry requires significant levels of infrastructure and technology, as well as large capital investments, in order to successfully compete in the market. As a result, it is considered as an industry with high barriers to entry that are difficult to overcome for new entrants. Additionally, the dominant position of the industry’s key players - Coca Cola and Pepsi - lower the threat of entry on the market as new entrants do not have the resources or capabilities to compete with these