Erythroblastosis Fetalis Research Paper

Sickle cell: One of the first inherited diseases to be unraveled at the level of DNA was sickle-cell anemia which is defined as abnormal, crescent-shaped red blood cells that results from a single change in the amino acid sequence of the cell's hemoglobin, which causes the cell to contort, especially under low-oxygen conditions. (medical dictionary, 2017) Also, called drepanocyte, meniscocyte. Also, this blood disorder mostly affects Africans and natives of the Mediterranean region are those who are affected by malaria. A single mutation in the gene for the blood protein hemoglobin can affect its ability to transport oxygen around the body. People who inherit two copies of the same mutation, one from each parent, have severe symptoms.

This is very likely to determine whether Nikoleta’s abnormal red blood cell color and shape is part of a family history. It also notes that both parents have mild hypochromia and macrocytic anemia.

13. Know the ABO and Rh typing system: what antigens are expressed, how one tests for the antigens, and the significance in transfusions, etc.

As the best of my knowledge I believe the two year old child is suffering from an inherited disorder called hemophilia. The Mayo Clinic describes hemophilia as a rare blood disorder that lacks sufficient blood clotting proteins. (Staff, B.M. ((n.d.)). Hemophilia. Retrieved September 27, 2016, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/disease-conditions/hemophilia/basics/treatment/con-20029824

pregnancies with abnormalities.“This is a test done during pregnancy to get information about the fetus

Thousands of years ago, a genetic mutation occurred in people from the Mediterranean basin, India, Africa, and the Middle East. As the Malaria Epidemic attacked people of these countries, carriers of the defective hemoglobin gene survived. Carrying one defective gene means that a person has a sickle cell trait. Two parents with the trait will produce a child with sickle cell anemia. People of these countries migrated and spread to other areas. In the Western Hemisphere, where malaria is not much of a problem, having the abnormal hemoglobin gene has lost its advantage. Any child born from parents that each has the trait will be born with the disease.

     Hemophilia is the oldest know, lifelong bleeding disorder(“Hemophilia”2004). It is named for two inherited diseases in which the blood does not clot normally. Several different plasma proteins must be present for blood to clot property. If one of the plasma proteins is missing, or present at low levels, blood clots very slowly(“Hemophilia” The Marshall Cavendish). The two most common types of hemophilia are: Hemophilia A or FactorVIII(8) deficiency and Hemophilia B of FactorIX(9) deficiency(“Hemophilia” 2002). People with Hemophilia A have low levels of one kind of blood clotting protein and people with Hemophilia B have low levels of another kind(“Hemophilia” The new book).

Hemophilia is the oldest known hereditary bleeding disorder. There are two types of hemophilia, A and B (Christmas Disease). Low levels or complete absence of a blood protein essential for clotting causes both. Patients with hemophilia A lack the blood clotting protein, factor VIII, and those with hemophilia B lack factor IX. A person with severe hemophilia has less than 1% of the normal amount of a clotting factor - either Factor VIII (8) or Factor IX (9). People without hemophilia have between 50-150% of the normal level of factor VIII or IX. There are about 20,000 hemophilia patients in the United States. Each year, about 400 babies are born with this disorder. Approximately 85% have hemophilia A and the remainder has hemophilia B.

Haemolytic disease of newborns, also known as erythroblastosis fetalis, is the blood incompatibility can occur when the fetal red blood cells differ from those on maternal red blood cells (VanMeter & Hubert, p. 588). This paper will look at Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn and will focus the Rh factor.

The aim of this experiment was to determine the concentration of haemoglobin in an unknown blood sample using the haemoglobincyanide method and to adapt this method to determine percentage haemoglobin F (foetal haemoglobin) in an unknown sample, and to understand the relevance of these tests in the calculation of Hb concentration.

For children suffering from autoimmune hemolytic anemia, therapy and treatment will be based upon the child’s age, the general health of the child, and the child’s medical record. Treatment will also depend on the extent of the anemia, the cause of the anemia, and the child's tolerance for certain medications, and potential course of the anemia. The treatment for children with autoimmune hemolytic anemia may consist of blood transfusions, corticosteroid medications, and possible surgical removal of the spleen, for children who do not respond to other treatments.

Patients’ blood types are determined through blood typing similar to the above experiment. To interpret table 1 above, blood sample 1, was concluded to be blood type A+, because, the blood sample 1 agglutinated with anti- A and anti- Rh antibodies, but no agglutination was formed for anti- B. This means that, blood sample 1 has both A and Rh surface antigens which clumped with the anti- A and anti-Rh antibodies. Synthetic blood sample 4 was concluded to be blood type B-, because, there was no agglutination for anti-A and anti- Rh antibodies, but there was agglutination for anti- B. This means that the blood sample 4 does not have A and Rh surface antigens.

Hb is very low (anaemia), morphology and size of affected RBCs are completely abnormal (a crescent, or sickle shape), MCV, WBC and platelets are normal.

Rh is an abbreviation for Rhesus. Everyone is born with a certain blood type that is either Rh positive or Rh negative. Rh incompatibility occurs when the mother's blood type is Rh negative and her fetus's blood type is Rh positive. The possible mixing of fetal and maternal blood can stimulate the mother’s immune system to produce anti-Rh antibodies. The anti-Rh antibodies are not produced in significant amounts until after delivery, therefore, a woman’s first infant is not affected. During the following pregnancies, when fetal and maternal circulatory systems are closely intertwined, the mother’s antibodies may cross the placenta. Hemolytic anemia can form when the

Hemophilia is a problem with the blood in a person that causes them to bleed not any faster than normal, but they often bleed for a longer period. Their blood is missing the clotting factor (a protein in the bloodstream that works to control bleeding). Hemophilia is quite rare; roughly 1 in every 10,000 persons are born with it. Rarely, hemophilia can be an acquired disease which just means a person is not born with it, but will develop it during their lifetime. This rarity occurs when a person's immune system forms antibodies that attack the clotting factor in the blood. The entire antibody population fights against the blood to prevent the clotting factors from working properly.