Essay On Enroflophlebitis

Potomac Horse Fever, also known as “Ditch Fever” is a potentially fatal, non-contagious equine illness caused by the bacterium Neorickettsia risticii (formerly known as Erhlicia risticii) that was first identified in the United States in 1985. With little knowledge of its exact origin, the earliest discussion of symptoms was in the Eastern region in 1979. Additionally, PHF is also a “copy-cat” illness that often imitates symptoms of other diseases, which can lead to a misdiagnosis, which is why it is critical that horse owners understand the threat Potomac Horse Fever is and what procedures should take place to prevent, as well as treat, the illness.

“A horse doesn’t care how much you know, until he knows how much you care.”, said Pat Parelli. “You took care of your horse, so your horse took care of you.”, Said Elton Gallegly. I feel horse care is very important to sustain a happy, and healthy horse. If not cared for correctly, they may become very sick. Anthrax, West Nile Virus, Rabies, or Lyme Disease, are only some of the diseases that can occur. If not cared for, they may affect you as well as your daily life. Anthrax is caused by bacteria in the food, water, or soil, that the horse is around. This disease may cause death to your horse. This is why it is very important to change your horses food and water daily, as well as mucking out the stall, if you have one. West Nile Virus is caused by a mosquito bite, or by a bird. This may cause weakness, trouble in walking, muscle spasms, or death. Rabies is caused by a bite from an infected animal, or contact with infected saliva, from something that was already infected. Rabies may cause depression, agitation, aggressiveness, and your horse may slowly develop paralysis, or death. Lyme Disease is caused by ticks, and can cause arthritis, lameness, neurologic disease, eye disease, dermatitis, or death. To prevent these diseases from happening, you must

a normal manner and it may take longer to clot. If prescribed this medication they will attend a Anticoaglant

First of all is necessary to analyze the differences in effectiveness of the products in treatments. The use of heparin has associated some general disadvantages like: • Unpredictable effects: it is difficult to use properly since its effectiveness depends on achieving a certain level of anticoagulation of the blood, too much might lead to uncontrolled bleeding and too little might not prevent a blood clot • • High risk of

One of our bucket calves this year caught pink eye. Pinkeye is a very painful virus any type of animal can catch, including humans. Pinkeye is caused by a bacteria that infects the surface of the eye. A problem with M. Bovis is that it can spread easily and rapidly. It is difficult to control the pink eye virus because of face flies. Face Flies are flies that spread M. Bovis. The flies are attracted to the tearing that is produced by the infected eye. The fly then picks up the virus and can transfer it to other animals. The flies can infect a whole herd of cattle in a day, so it is best to treat the virus as quickly as possible. Because we have two calves in one barn, we had to treat the virus immediately.

“Equine Influenza is considered one of the most infectious diseases that has been recognized in horses for centuries”(Smith). Equine Influenza has been known for its outbreaks and has been identified all around the world. Many people don’t understand how dangerous this disease can be. Horses can either get really sick or die from this disease. It’s not very common that horses would die from this disease, but it has been seen. As a result, equine Influenza is a very contagious disease that is difficult to treat and track.

Common clinical signs for Hendra virus in horses will include: acute onset illness, increased body temperature, increase heart rate, discomfort/weight shifting between legs, rapid deterioration. Respiratory problems that may occur: pulmonary oedema and congestion, respiratory distress, increased respiratory rate, nasal discharge, weakness, ataxia (the loss of full control of bodily movement), and collapse. Neurological signs include: wobbly gait progressing to ataxia, altered consciousness, and apparent loss of vision in one or both eyes, aimless walking in a dazed state, head tilting, circling, muscle twitching – seen in acutely ill and recovered horses, urinary incontinence, decumbency with inability to rise. Contact with suspected horses should be avoided until a veterinarian has investigated and provided advice on handling affected horses safely. Horses feed and water troughs should not be placed under trees where bats may feed or roost. Hendra is a notifiable emergency animal disease. If you suspect a horse might be infected, you must report it. Even more alarming we now know that infected horses may shed live virus for up to 48 hours before they show any clinical signs of Hendra virus. In addition it appears that the incubation period is increasing – this means that the number of days between when the horse is infected and starts showing signs of disease is increasing. This means that the potential for exposure to Hendra virus exists even in an

First scientifically reported in 1977, equine metritis is a sexually-transmitted infection capable of rapid transmission throughout a herd of the horse species (Timoney, 1996). The underlying bacterial cause of this infection is Taylorella equigenitalis; this is a gram-negative, microaerophilic, coccobacillus bacterium with specific conditions for cultivation (Timoney, 1996; Powell, 1978). The bacterium is not a free-living organism; it must remain within or on the host animal to survive (Timoney, 1996). Therefore, the microbe must be transferred between hosts to subsist.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the formation of a blood clot that causes some life-threatening conditions such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and post-thrombotic syndrome (Hillegass et al., 2016). The risk of developing DVT in patients after surgery ranges between 20-30% and PE ranges between 0.2-0.9% (Soomro, Yousuf, Bhutto, Abro, & Mamon, 2014). Therefore, it is critical to identify the risk factors and initiate early thromboprophylactic therapy to prevent VTE. While working in an orthopedic hospital I came across several cases with clinically diagnosed DVT and PE.

Testing for DVT consist of serum blood testing for specific enzymes called D-Dimer which is a byproduct fibrinolysis; then it would suggest recent presence and lysis of thrombi (Douketis, 2016). Other diagnostic procedures include duplex ultrasonography of the affected limb to determine blood flow in the affected area and contrast venography. Treatment of DVT consists of anticoagulant therapy intravenously, subcutaneously flowed by oral anticoagulant therapy for maintenance, insertion of inferior vena cava filters, thrombolytic medications to dissolve the blood clot (Douketis, 2016). The last option for treatment of DVT is surgery which is rarely needed; thrombectomy is the surgical procedure where the clot is removed manually from the place of

Equine Infectious Anemia is also known as Swamp Fever or Horse Malaria is involving the brain. This is a viral, blood-borne, contagious, disease which is spread to other equines by horse or deer fly ingestion of contaminated blood, or through human error by using a blood infected contaminated needle to vaccinate uninfected equine. Although there is no vaccination for this disease, it has been heavily researched for a vaccine or controllable treatment.

The highly spread of infection in most equine e.g. donkeys and horses, likely to be cured of the infection at the end of their life (Owend and Slocombe., 1985). Large number of strongyles infections cause inflammatory enteropathy, reduce intestinal motility, and colic (Lyons et al., 999; Nielsen et al 2006; Bechera et al., 2010;; Pilo et al

The case presented regards a young Arabian foal that exhibited lethargy and diarrhea for two weeks. Upon examination, it was noted that the animal had a fever, conjunctivitis, an elevated heart rate and trouble breathing. Hematological tests revealed that the horse suffered from leucopenia, severe lymphopenia and possessed no M immunoglobulins. From these findings, it was deduced that the foal suffered from severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). The diagnosis was confirmed by a molecular test that identified the mutation responsible for dysfunctional T and B cells, which causes SCID in Arabian horses. The patient died due to viral and bacterial pneumonia. Upon necropsy examination, its lung infection was evident, as was the hypoplasia of its spleen.

Horses have changed throughout time; their anatomy and how they are built down to their physiology has morphed from their ancestors. As time continues, diseases that affect the equine species only increase as well. One of the most prominent diseases present today is the Equine Herpesvirus or Rhinopneumonia (EHV). There are five types of the disease: EHV type 1-5 (EHV-1, 2, 3, 4, 5). However only four are commonly known and of those, two have been studied extensively and are known for their affects on the equine population around the world. While EHV-1 and EHV-4 are quite similar and share some identical signs in a few cases, they usually cause different _____.

Encephalitis is a condition caused by viruses which cause the brain to become inflamed. There are two types of encephalitis one is called primary because the viruses affect the brain itself. Secondary is the viruses travel from some other part of the body that has been affect to the brain. When the virus reaches the brain it begins to multiply causing inflammation. The brain’s white matter can be destroyed. This destruction causes cell death, hemorrhage and edema. The edema begins to compress the blood vessels this causes intracranial pressure (Mayo Clinic, 2011).