Essay On Grade Insurance

Premature babies sometimes have apnea. It may happen together with a slow heart rate. Respiratory distress syndrome or RDS is a breathing problem most common in babies born before 34 weeks of pregnancy.” Babies with RDS don’t have a protein called surfactant that keeps small air sacs in the lungs from collapsing. “Intraventricular hemorrhage or IVH is bleeding in the brain. It usually happens near the ventricles in the center of the brain. A ventricles is a space in the brain that’s filled with fluid. Patent ductus ateriosus or PDA is a heart problem that happens in the connection between two major blood vessels near the heart. If the ductus do not close properly after birth, a baby can have breathing problems or heart failure. Heart failure is when enough blood can’t get pumped into the heart causing it to shut down. Necrotizing enter colitis (NEC) is a problem with a baby’s intestines. It causes feeding problems, a swollen belly and diarrhea. It sometimes happens 2 to 3 weeks after a premature bay has been born. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is an abnormal growth of blood vessels in the eye. ROP can lead to vision loss. Jaundice is when a baby's eyes and skin look yellow. A baby has jaundice when his liver isn't fully developed or isn't working well. Anemia is when a baby doesn’t have enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to the rest of the body. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a lung condition that can develop in premature babies as well as babies who have treatment with a breathing machine. Babies with BPD sometimes develop fluid in the lungs, scarring and lung damage. Premature babies often have trouble fighting off germs because their immune systems are not fully formed. Infections that may affect a premature baby include pneumonia, a lung infection; sepsis, a blood infection; and meningitis, an infection in the fluid around the brain and

Necrosis of the cells in the small, lower airways occurs, and mucous secretions are increased (Conquest, Cremonesini, & Neill, 2013). Because of the ciliary damage in the infants’ lungs, it is almost impossible for the secretions to be cleared. Bronchiolar level obstruction is caused by these mucosusal secretions, as is desquamation of the dead skin cells and edema (Conquest, Cremonesini, & Neill, 2013). Plugs of soughed, necrotic epithelium and fibrin in the airways will cause partial or total obstruction to airflow, making it very difficult for he infant to exhale which will consequently result in air becoming trapped and will reduce gaseous exchange (Conquest, Cremonesini, & Neill, 2013).

The new versus classic BPD features have changed over the years. The approaches to care, including surfactant administration, permissive hypercapnia, and noninvasive ventilation have changed. All these has increased the survival of low birth weight infants as before with classic BPD. The classic BPD was before surfactant and more management techniques, and inflammation and alveolar septal fibrosis. All these changes were associated with oxygen toxicity, infection, and barotrauma.

The list of proposed chronic abnormalities is lengthy. To this date, research has confirmed the following: 1) SIDS is due to a dysfunction of the cardiac and/or respiratory systems, and 2) the death of the infant is due to hypo-ventilation of the lungs and periods of complete cessation of breathing or apnea. Hypo-ventilation and apnea cause hypo-perfusion of the tissues with necessary oxygen. Ischemia of tissues results and eventually causes death. Research now centers around discovering the cause of infant hypo-ventilation and apnea.

Imaging: Chest x-ray from December 2014, which was personally reviewed, shows no acute cardiopulmonary disease. There was no pleural effusion at that time.

Premature birth has been linked to a vast array of lungs problems, the earlier the birth the greater risk of health complications(Davis R and Mychaliska G, 2013). A majority of the health problems will affect the infant for the rest of their life (Davis R and Mychaliska G, 2013). Infants born between the canalicular and the saccular period (week 25) have lung development that is unsuitable for gas exchange (Davis R and Mychaliska G, 2013). Two major complications that arise with undeveloped lungs is bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and pulmonary arterial hypertension (Mahgoub L. et al. 2017).

Both of his lung fields appear clear, with normal breath sounds, no signs of pulmonary consolidation and other abnormalities detected. His apex beat show an extra heart sound (ectopic heartbeat) which is due to the narrowing of his blood vessels that connects to the heart and to the lungs, which often occurs without a clear cause and are harmless, with no signs of murmur or split heart sounds. His abdomen is significantly distended with presence of bulging flanks pushed outwards with no signs of pain or rebound tenderness on deep palpation, and when testing for shifting dullness. He was placed in a lateral decubitus position to assess fluid shift and had a positive result. Upon percussion of Frank’s abdomen in the supine position for flank

The consolidated region of the lung is visualized at LUS as an echo-poor or tissue like image, depending on the extent of air loss and fluid predominance, which is clearly different from the normal pattern. The cause

Postnatal respiratory complications among newborns are common. The most commonly reported cause of neonatal respiratory distress is transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN), with an estimated incidence of 1% to 2% of in all newborns.1

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden, unexpected death of an infant that remains unexplained after a thorough case investigation which includes an autopsy, a death scene investigation, and a review of the history of the infant and the parents of the infant. Sudden infant death syndrome is the leading cause of death among infants one month to one-year-old. There are many risk factors for SIDS, but the most common and most preventable risk factors are the influence of smoking tobacco - both smoking by pregnant women and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) - as well as prone sleeping positions of the infant and the type of bedding the infant sleeps on ("[Cigarette Smoke as a Risk Factor of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)--Assessment of Knowledge and Behavior of Women].").

For the purpose of this essay, I will discuss the case of a five years old patient presenting to my place of work with the symptom of shortness of breath (SOB). To maintain confidentiality the pseudonym “Ryan” will be used to refer to the child and Ryan’s mother will be frequently referred to as “mum”.

Neonatal RDS is a condition of increasing respiratory distress commencing at or shortly after birth (BAPM-2006). It’s the single most important cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (Greenough, et al 2004). Typically RDS affects preterm infants with the incidence being inversely proportional to the gestational age (Stewart 2005) Approximately 60% of those born before 28 weeks gestation are affected (Fraser, et al 2004) Incidence also increases in infants of diabetic mothers those born via elective caesarean section (Fraser, et al 2004) and perinatal asphyxia (Rodriguez, 2003).

Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is a mild respiratory problem seen in babies. The problem starts soon after birth. This condition may also be called wet lung or type 2 respiratory distress syndrome.

During my second day shift at Nicklaus Children’s Hospital, a four month old, male patient was admitted to my floor with a diagnosis of apparent life-threatening event (ALTE). An apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) usually occurs in children under the age of one (Kaji et al., 2013). This syndrome is characterized by extreme apnea, coughing and gagging, a sudden change in color ranging from pale to cyanotic, and a change in muscle tone (Kaji et al., 2013). According to Aminiahidashti (2015), prematurity, age, gender (boys more than girls), previous history of respiratory illnesses, and prematurely born children undergoing general anesthesia are more likely to suffer an episode of ALTE. The cause of ALTE could be idiopathic in nature but it could also be associated with conditions like neuromuscular disorders, seizures, pertussis, bronchiolitis, cardiac dysrhythmias, congenital heart defect, child maltreatment, gastroesophageal reflux, a mandible that is smaller than normal leading to the obstruction to the airway, and endocrine and metabolic problems (London, Ladewig, Ball, Bindler, & Cowen, 2011).

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a common lung disorder that mostly affects preterm infants. RDS is caused by insufficient surfactant production and structural immaturity of the lungs leading to alveolar collapse. Clinically, RDS presents soon after birth with tachypnea, nasal flaring, grunting, retractions, hypercapnia, and/or an oxygen need. The usual course is clinical worsening followed by recovery in 3 to 5 days as adequate surfactant production occurs. Research in the prevention and treatment of this disease has led to major improvements in the care of preterm infants with RDS and increased survival. However, RDS remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality especially in the most preterm infants. This chapter reviews the most current evidence-based management of RDS, including prevention, delivery room stabilization, respiratory management, and supportive care.