Essay On Solid Tumors

The brain is made up of millions upon millions of cells. These cells are formed from before birth, up until about 7 years old. Once these brain cells stop dividing, they are never meant to divide again. You can see that the division of brain cells is under strict regulation and control. When this control is lost in a single cell, then it starts dividing in an uncontrolled manner. All of the data obtained through research on cancer shows that this disease is caused by a rapidly dividing cell, with no regulators to stop it from dividing. As the cell makes more and more copies of itself, it grows to form a tumor. This is known as cancer.

Cancer cells displayed marked alterations in pro-growth signaling pathways and key metabolic pathways relative to non-tumorigenic differentiated cells, often due to loss of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenic driver mutations. The remodeled signaling and metabolic profiles of cancer cells support not only their aberrant proliferation, but also their survival. Further factors such as intra-tumoral heterogeneity, altered redox status, and epigenetic modifications all contribute to the ability of certain tumors to develop drug resistance and persist under standard treatments.

TTF-1 ( Nkx2-1), a homeodomain-containing nuclear transcription factor has been a marker in the diagnosis of lung adenocarcinomas and in differentiating them from tumors of other origin.(1) Nkx2-1 is known for its transcriptional activity in the developing lung, thyroid and forebrain. Altered expression of TTF-1 resulting from mutations, polymorphisms and/or epigenetic modifications can predispose an individual to developmental disorders including thyroid dygenesis and thyroid cancer.(2) Mutations of the TTF-1 gene that induce haploinsufficiency may endow a negative effect on the wild-type gene.(3) Nkx2.1 is essentially involved with morphogenesis in the lung by modulating epithelial-mesenchymal interaction. Mouse models with functional

Through this experiment we have successfully cloned and expressed Crassostrea virginica homolog of hypoxia inducible factor-1. This transcription factor, Hif-1, has many unknown possible cellular signaling pathways. One possible pathway interaction is between Hif-1 and its role in apoptosis and cell cycle control, since one of the effect of hypoxia is cell death. In the apoptosis pathway, the tumor suppressor protein, p53, is inhibited via Mdm2. This pathway has not been fully determined yet in the eastern oyster, thus it is speculated that Hif-1α and p53 could interact directly or indirectly via Mdm2 (Schmid, 2004). Hif-1 and its control of cell cycle arrest can be evaluated using protein-protein interactions. In order to determine the actual pathway, the possible interaction of Hif-1 and Mdm2 can be tested for this indirect control of apoptosis.

Astrocytomas often appear hypointense on T1-WI and hyperintense on T2-WI. FLAIR (fluid-attenuated inversion recovery) images and T2 sequences can be helpful in delineating the precise extension of astrocytoma borders which are not well demarcated because its infiltrative pattern. Cystic part is found in 27% - 42% of the lesions and is associated with hydro-myelia in half of cases.

One of the most common malignancies is colon cancer as it accounts for approximately 1.5 million new cases globally each year (Ferlay et al. 2015). According to the latest research, the frequency of colon cancer has increased suddenly over the past two decades (Shin et al. 2012). According to statistics, colon cancer accounts for about 15% of bodily cancers and is the main reason for mortality in different countries especially the western countries (Johnston 2005). The third most common cancer in the Canada and US is colon cancer. In the United States about 1.5 million new cases of colon cancer were reported each year (Jemal et al. 2008). The chances and a number of years of survival in colon cancer depend on the stage of the tumor.

The name of the constellation I chose is cancer. Cancer is a small constellation, but is an important one to the zodiacal constellations.It lies farther way from the milky way . It was the fourth constellation in the zodiacal constellation area. But now that the point of the Aries has moved west that moved cancer to the fifth.

There are several studies that support SIRT1 in having effects as a tumour suppressor. Overexpression of the sirtuin reduced the incidence of cancer and growth in colon cancer models in mice (Firestein et al., 2008). Mice heterozygous for tumour suppressor p53 were shown to have protection by SIRT1 activator resveratrol and SIRT1 haploinsufficiency in mice has been seen to enable tumorigenesis (Wang et al., 2008). SIRT1 inactivates hypoxia inducible factor 2 alpha (HIF1a) through its deacetylation and prevents tumour development (Lim et al., 2010). There is also evidence to suggest that SIRT1 plays an opposing role in cancer development. SIRT1 deacetylates lysine residue 383 of p53, inhibiting its

Tissue hypoxia, caused by bleeding, induces a variety of physiological responses in addition to activation of the Epo (erythropoietin)-EpoR (erythropoietin receptor) pathway. Parallel responses include the stimulation of new blood vessels by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and metabolic changes that enable continued energy production despite inadequate oxygen availability. The most important mediator of this cellular response is a trancscription factor called HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor), which activates the genes that influence the adaptive responses to hypoxia including those encoding Epo, glycolytic pathway enzymes, Tfr and VEGF. The hypoxia-response genes are activated and erythropoiesis is

Radiation Therapy has been a standard treatment for Head and Neck cancers whether used alone or in combination with other treatment methods. Using radiation as a single modality treatment in head and neck cancer patients allowed us to preserve function and form of organs in this region.6 Head and neck cancers have distinctive clinical, pathological, and epidemiological features. Their sensitivity to treatment also distinguishes them from other cancers.4 Radio sensitive cells are classified as cells that have high division rate, high metabolic rate, and cells that are non-specialized. Using ionizing radiation leads to killing of cells. In radiation therapy the most important endpoint is the cell losing reproductive ability and/or

Previous studies have been performed to find that the circadian clock gene (PER2) regulates the activity of Hypoxia-inducible factor-1(HIF-1); however, the mechanism for how this occurs is still unknown. Kobayashi et al. attempted to solve part of the mechanism by creating a study. This study is important because dysregulation leading to overexpression of HIF-1 causes many diseases. HIF-1 is a transcription factor that responds to a decrease in available oxygen in the environment by facilitating the adaptation of cells. HIF-1 is a heterodimer composed of two subunits, HIF-1α and HIF-1β. In this study, HIF-1α is most significant. It is a regulatory subunit of the HIF-1 and is considered a master transcriptional regulator of cellular and

Alteration of p53, p53 family proteins and their isoforms by H pyroli in gastric cancer

Millions of people in the world suffer from cancer. In the year 2017, it is estimated that nearly 2 million new cancer cases will occur in the United States, leading to approximately more than half a million deaths (Cancer Facts & Figures, 2016, p.1). However, despite the drastic numbers shown in this data, it is almost a 20% decrease from data collected in previous years (Tao & Kiera, 2015, p.1). The increased survival rate of cancer patients is mainly due to advances in cancer research and the incorporation of multidisciplinary sciences in order to work together to find advancements in the treatment of cancers. However, despite these advances, a significant portion of patients continue to experience recurrence even after extensive treatment. Some scientists believe that different cancers follow different models and therefore must be approached using a variety of methods; however, research has shown that cancers all have cancer stem cells that can be treated by cancer stem cell therapy which has the potential to cure cancer by specifically targeting cancerous cells, preventing the recurrence of cancer in patients, and sparing healthy cells to better the treatment of cancer patients.

Tumors and tumor-like lesions usually been discussed in a large category, because their appearances sometimes are similar and make differential diagnosis extremely difficult. But tumors are non-neoplastic lesions, while tumor-like lesions are not, therefore, treatment and prognosis of these two groups of disorders are usually different. The incidences of tumors and tumor-like lesions have big differences in literature, this may due to the classification of benign, malignant and non-neoplastic conditions usually overlap (Casadei et al., 2013; Pluot, 2009). In addition, some cases are asymptomatic may give the possibility of ignorance, delayed or incorrect diagnose of these conditions (Casadei et al., 2013) also make the real incidence of

Next, the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) also can be considered as one type of carcinoma. This carcinoma is the second most common skin cancer compared to the basal cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. The incidence of this skin cancer is increasing in some countries especially the United Kingdom. This type of the cancer is cancer that develops from the epithelial cells of the epidermis of the skin. This cancer is usually caused by long-term UV light exposure that can develop in normal skin or in skin previously damaged by ulcers, burns, radiation exposure, and in pre-existing lesions such as Bowen's disease and actinic keratosis (Opel, 2016, p. 65). Although the rate of patients dead due to this squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is very low which is only around 1%, the huge number of these tumours that cause by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) still can contribute mortality in most countries. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) have some clinical features and some doctors have to do experiments through these clinical features to gain some information or knowledge about this kind of skin cancer. Hence, doctors can use this information to find the best or high efficiency of treatment for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). SCC normally grow moderately rapidly over a month by