Most роѕt‐соlоnіаl Afrісаn ѕtаtеѕ opted for оnе‐раrtу ѕуѕtеmѕ of rulе ѕhоrtlу after іndереndеnсе. Aѕ a rеѕult, regimes that wеrе autocratic аnd intolerant tо dіѕѕеnt саmе tо сhаrасtеrіzе the соntіnеnt. Prосlаіmеd аѕ аррrорrіаtе fоr thе duаl tasks of nation‐building аnd socioeconomic dеvеlорmеnt, thеу ѕеrvеd mоrе оftеn thаn nоt, аѕ Akе hаѕ argued, tо bolster thе rulіng elites’ роwеr and tо fасіlіtаtе their self‐enrichment, іn ѕhоrt: tо еѕtаblіѕh predatory rulе. Althоugh vаrіеd іn dеgrее, regimes undеr рrеdаtоrу rulе wеrе bаѕеd оn іntеnѕе реrѕоnаlіzаtіоn of аuthоrіtу аnd were not соnduсіvе to реrfоrmаnсе‐оrіеntеd governance. Rulіng еlіtеѕ in such regimes depended on the dіѕtrіbutіоn оf spoils to ѕtау іn роwеr and dіvеrtеd huge аmоuntѕ of …show more content…
This notion is supported by the ‘Emulation’ thinkers who advocate that the replication of the developmental state is possible in Africa based given the established experiences of the East Asian countries (Robinson & Gordon, 1998). Particularly following the global financial crisis of 2007–2008, which many economists considered to have been the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s, this notion is increasingly propagated among third world scholars that viewed that foundation stones of the long-dominant neoliberal ideology overturned (Helleiner, 2011). The second view is a notion used to argue that the developmental state approach is not viable in Africa and to express scepticism as to whether the East Asian development experiences can serve as a model for Africa. The second view is maintained by the ‘Impossibility’ theorists who have been influenced by several points of view (Mkandawire, 2001). One view posits that the unique and specific circumstances which led to the emergence of developmental states in the region of East Asia cannot easily be replicated. Another view suggests that emulation of the developmental state is not possible given the significant changes in the global economic conditions. This view gained greater momentum with the perception that the developmental state concept died following the East Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s (Fine, 2006). Furthermore, prevailing conditions in Africa are also
I have witnessed traumatizing events, dying men, being shot, and I went behind enemy lines 11 separate times, all for my beloved country, yet I’m branded AWOL and equated to a coward! I served the Union Army valiantly and gave it my all for 4 entire years. My hard work and dedication were immense, I took on various jobs throughout the four years. Furthermore, I served as a nurse to aid all the wounded, I was a skilled courier and a spy. I love my country for giving me refuge when times were tough, thus, I was willing to give the ultimate sacrifice to preserve it. Countless times, I was nearly killed, but I did not care because I yearned for danger and a way to contribute during the war. I, Franklin Thompson, believe I should be reinstated
Initially, the NIA was implicitly imagined as a integrative institution, reminiscent of the American phrase “there is no black and white, only army green.” Individuals recruited would be sorted into divisions after basic training, regardless of ethnicity. The NIA was to think along national, not ethnic or sectarian lines; it was to be a microcosm of a vision of an egalitarian Iraq. In the tradition of civil-military sociologist Janowitz, the NIA was to be the national institution that would treat members uniformly in a new nation because soldiers are given “a new identity to supersede the old.” In truth, the NIA was initially conceived of as a nation-building exercise. Because the military embodies the elements of cohesion and and unity,
Since 2013 till I come to Melbourne on 2015, Amila didn’t have any of my expenses as I was earning well. Even after we got married he didn’t send me money during my stay in SL. I spent on both our families and friends. Plus holiday arrangements. I did spent on wedding while he spent only on his suite and my ring.
At the age of 16, I had won the Junior Canadian National Championships in my division and qualified to be on the Junior National team. Being on the junior national team gave me the opportunity to represent Canada at the 2016 Junior world taekwondo championships, which made me feel very content, thrilled, but as well very nervous. The world championship was to be taken place at Burnaby AB, Canada which made it even better, being in your hometown and being able to represent the hometown country. Since Nationals had taken place in May, and Worlds would be in November, I had quite a while to prepare for this large event. I had trained 2 hours every day from Monday to Thursday, and on Saturday I would train 5 hours. This continued throughout
The events that transpired following the Second World War left many people with questions of what was in store for Europe’s future. Germany became a house divided, exhibiting shifts in culture across a border that created the east and the west. Between 1945 and 1960, Germany underwent a reconstruction influenced in part by the occupation of the Four Powers. West Germany began to experience long-lasting changes in the state of economic conditions. In lieu of this, 1945 marked a year in which cinema attendance was dramatically low.
I swiftly sauntered in to the makeup parlor and greeted Fromage Verde. He was a French makeup artist and was at the acme of his career as he transformed young spies to suit their mission. I flashed a half-heartened smile before I sat in the comfy black chair as one of his assistants draped me in a black apron. My natural ombre hair fell to my low back but it was usually pulled up into a trendy ponytail. As Fromage got to work he cut my hair to my shoulders and I cringed as I saw my hair fall to the floor. He straightened my hair and dyed it a dirty blonde hair style.
I glance at the training camp from afar – men frantically eating, spitting, shouting, arguing, showing their muscles, new tattoos, and battle scars. I continue to walk closer to the camp, noticing that the air is oozing with testosterone. It reeks of dirty socks and greasy food. I exclaim to Mushu, my scrawny guardian dragon who hides under my shirt, “I can’t do this. It’s disgusting here and they’ll totally know something’s up when they find out I can’t eat without washing my hands first.” Mushu laughs and assures to me that I just have to play the part and says “Mulan, they're men. And you're going to have to act just like them, so pay attention.” I run frantically into the roll call line, hopefully not garnering any attention from the
The results show above that there is a 7% increase in those who admitted inducing vomiting to control weight from the first sample in 1995 compared to the sample in 1998. The results also show the significant increase in number of girls scoring more than 20 on the EAT 26 questionnaires; with 8 girls scoring above 20 in 1995, increasing to 19 girls in 1998. These results show that media and westernized television, are having a huge impact on the way we see ourselves and kick start the self-improvement we unnecessarily need and start to take too far.
I also renewed ads in familiar underground B&D papers. Calls started coming in immediately for private sessions and questions about the play-parties and fantasy theatre! In addition, I was still receiving calls from men who wanted an interview-consultation with me for the purpose to inquire about becoming a slave in service to me.
“Alyssa!” I stopped swinging my machete at the patch of grass and I raised my head in the direction of the voice that had called my name. Sweat beads rolled down the side of my temple, and I raised my hat with my garden gloved hand to wipe them away. The sun beat down on my bare neck, and I could feel the heat pulsating from directly above.
The fact that ProSAVANA was proposed by Brazil and Japan raised questions among civil society actors as to whether the programme is primarily motivated by political interests, despite the Brazil’s argument that its development cooperation is untied. Cabral et al. (2013) and Chichava et al. (2013) highlight that ProSAVANA has been a key foreign policy manoeuvre deployed by Brazilian bureaucrats to secure Mozambique’s political support for Brazil’s geopolitical pursuits in international fora. Mozambique’s backing was, according to both authors, pivotal for Brazil’s attainment of top positions in translational agencies such as FAO, as well as in the Community of Portuguese Language