Evaluating Scientific Paradigms And Predict The Credibility Of Medieval Science

This article is about witchcraft and its different varieties of practices in different cultures. This article explains how witchcraft exists and plays an essential part in structural and functional aspects of a society. It also sheds the light on the journey of witchcraft from being profane and wicked to acceptable part of a culture.

1. Define science – Science is the development of concepts about the natural world , often by using the scientific method

The scientific method is used during experiments to find a conclusion and or reason as to why an event or something happens.

In the two essays being discussed we learn that science has a vast range of definitions. Science is the effort to understand (or to understand better), the history of the natural world and how the natural world works with observable physical evidence as the base of understanding. Science is about how the hypothesis is developed and how well it is defended.

The availability error not only leads us to ignore the relevant evidence, it also leads us to ignore relevant hypotheses. For any set of data, it is, in principle, possible to construct any number of different hypotheses to account for the data. In practice, however, it is often difficult to come up with many different hypotheses. As a result, we often end up choosing among only those hypotheses that come to mind, that are available. In the case of unusual phenomena, the only

The Scientific Method is the standardized procedure that scientists are supposed to follow when conducting experiments, in order to try to construct a reliable, consistent, and non-arbitrary representation of our surroundings. To follow the Scientific Method is to stick very tightly to a order of experimentation. First, the scientist must observe the phenomenon of interest. Next, the scientist must propose a hypothesis, or idea in which the experiments will be based around. Then, through repeated experimentation, the hypothesis can either be proven false or become a theory. If the hypothesis is proven to be false, the scientist must reformulate his or her ideas and come up with another hypothesis, and the experimentation begins again. This

Spiritual predictions have become an innate cultural aspect all over the world. In Asia, a person would perform a ritual called Kau Cim to see the future of loved ones who were suffering. This practice consists of shaking a cylindrical bamboo cup filled with a bundle of number-marked sticks. When one of the sticks falls out, its corresponding number is said to correctly predict people’s health, relationship, and financial situation. Most times, the result of the ritual would always yield bad analogy, so one would likely pay a psychic or interpreter afterward to ascertain the prediction. It was never the ritual itself that determined the victim’s disposition, but rather it was the interpreter who would predict the usually-negative future of the victim, a spiraling cognitive dissonance that dictated the mind of the ignorant and the desperate, like psychological placebo. In the end, the interpreter predicted that “Unpleasantness will follow you [and the family] for the years to come”. Few people were quick enough to

So the numbers we got was not different from what we expected. Since we accepted hypothesis there were no errors in the lab that affected results. Which proves our point that horoscopes cannot predict anyone’s life. Also it was noticed that some people got higher correct answers but that does not say that they are psychic. Nick Allum tested an experiment which was to study Europeans believing in Astrology. He had three basic hypothesis which were they don’t have enough education in science to differentiate pseudoscience to science, confused about astrology, and people with authoritarian values believe in astrology. He tested it and it came out that “all three of his hypotheses are most likely true” (Allum, 2011, p. 361-363). This experiment tells us that horoscopes aren’t really believable. There weren’t errors with our data but one little error would be if a group didn’t get what the journal entry was saying they would have just guessed a later cause they were really annoyed by it. This error wouldn’t do major damage to our data but it might have done

Science is the knowledge gained by a systematic study, knowledge which then becomes facts or principles. In the systematic study; the first step is observation, the second step hypothesis, the third step experimentation to test the hypothesis, and lastly the conclusion whether or not the hypothesis holds true. These steps have been ingrained into every student of science, as the basic pathway to scientific discovery. This pathway holds not decision as to good or evil intention of the experiment. Though, there are always repercussions of scientific experiments. They range from the most simplistic realizations of the difference between acid and water to the principle that Earth is not the center of

Furthermore, Shamans can do better at looking at dead bones and seeing what they really mean (stasis of kinds) rather than the self-hypnotised who looked at a pig’s tooth and said it was a missing human link; or looked at the Piltdown fiasco, while all king Darwin’s horses and all king Darwin’s men, could not detect a fraud for years and years. Surely, the evidence points to how easily we are beguiled into

When someone has a question, they form a hypothesis and then test the hypothesis. If the test can be duplicated and the results each time line up with the hypothesis then the person concludes that the hypothesis is true. If the results contradict the hypothesis then the person concludes that the hypothesis is false. This is the scientific method. In my high school physics class we dropped a basketball out of our classroom’s second story window. Every time we let go of the ball it fall to the ground. This consistent outcome backed our hypothesis which was: the ball would fall because the earth’s gravity attracts objects downward. We answered the question of what would happen if we dropped a basketball out of a window by using the scientific method. Our discovery experience occurred only through limited way of observation.

The belief-systems of these peoples were, says Weber, based upon magic. Thus the magician (or

Science may be one of the most difficult “things” to unveil. It’s nearly impossible to completely grasp science as anything other than a certain phenomenon. Luckily with the evolution of knowledge and the “founders” of science, we can better understand how things have come to be and if they’ll remain as such. Scientific knowledge has undergone an evolutionary shift starting with triumphalism and arriving at the present-day modern sciences including theories of evolution and an understanding of DNA as a double-helical molecule. Phenomenal pioneers such as Aristotle, Dalton, and Hippocrates have paved the way for new inventions, discoveries, and theories.

The scope of Natural Sciences is to create principles, theories and laws about the natural world. Natural Sciences theories and laws are based on a scientific methodology (hypothetico-deductive method ). The scientific method always tries to connect theory and observation, this is one manner to consistently organize our observation of the natural world . Experiments are often used in order to replicate aspects of the world in which we are interested. In fact, following this method before stating something to be true scientists needs first to arrange an hypothesis then make some tests in order to prove the theory and finally make up the law. Doing that we can say to acquire a proof and, therefore, good knowledge.

The nature and process of science are a collection of things, ideas, and guidelines. “The purpose of science is to learn about and understand our universe more completely” (Science works in specific ways, 3). Science works with evidence from our world. If it doesn’t come from the natural world, it isn’t science. You need to be creative and have flexible thoughts and ideas if you want to be a scientist. Science always brings up new ideas and theories and if you aren’t flexible to those ideas you can’t be a scientist. Science has been in our world for a long time. It is deep into our history and our cultures. The principals of science; are all about understanding our world using the evidence we collect. If we can’t collect evidence on something we simply cannot understand it. If we don’t understanding something about our world, science says that we can learn about it by collecting evidence (Science has principals, 4). Science is a process; it takes time. You don’t immediately come to a conclusion for your hypothesis a few minutes