However, the narrative of the national threat continued to work according to Kinsman, to further the criminalization of homosexuality in the legal realm through existing offenses such as gross indecency, and the dangerous sexual offender previously designated as the criminal sexual psychopath (Kinsman, 1995, p.138). Although these offenses existed before the 1960’s they were not as heavily enforced, but the mounting hysteria of Russian spies invading and blackmailing gay men to steal information from the government shaped the way the RCMP, and local police operated. These offences are particularly important in the case of Everett George Klippert. Klippert first came to the attention of the RCMP one year after he moved to Pine Point in the Northwest
A key factor in the case of Walter McMillian was that he was an African American man who at one point was respected by his community. However, an extramarital affair with a white woman is what crossed the line. Affairs were not out of the norm in the Monroeville community, but given the fact that McMillian was black dramatically changed what was perceived as socially acceptable behavior. The significant questioning of McMillian’s character came into play when a young woman, Ronda Morrison was murdered. The profound change in the community’s view toward McMillian was an incentive to point to him as the mastermind behind the murder. The police were unable to produce any viable suspects which led to pressure from the community to find and convict a killer – even if the person accused was innocent. The interrogation tactics used during the questioning of suspects and witnesses produced false allegations. Tactics such as intimidation and bargaining. These practices encompassed covert operations that allowed the law enforcement – police, district attorneys, judges – to navigate the case. Several people were instrumental in concocting the false story placing McMillian at the center of the crime. After his initial lie, Ralph Myers’s was pushed by police to produce additional information which although false, was used by police to arrest McMillian. As the story gained traction in the town,
The investigative details of the Pamela Foddrill case remained very similar to criminal theory in most ways, but not all. In Lyman’s Criminal Investigations, there are eight steps detailed
According to Sullivan (2008), same-sex attraction has not always been considered a deviation. However, post-war societal reaction to prohibition, gay bathhouses and other establishments were adverse and a new war on immorality arose, which was supported by American individuals, religious and governmental institutions. This outlook prevailed throughout the 1950's and led to blatant anti-gay attitudes. The persecution of the gay life style brought on renewed shame and guilt for the homosexual community as gay men were forced to cope with the stigmatization by "passing" as heterosexuals and thus become invisible. This resulted in the development of their own discriminatory social construct, with a hierarchy where males who were able to prove their masculinity through assimilation were held in the highest regards, while those that did not were looked down upon by their own gay communities
There were many drastic sexual remarks by both Dick and Perry. And listening to Dick’s conceited chatter, hearing him start to describe his Mexican “amorous conquests,” he thought how “queer” it was, “egomaniacal.” (Capote 173). It seems that the two murderers have had some encounters with homosexuals and are stereotyping. I have numerous homosexual friends and do not talk bad about them. During the 1960’s there was a completely different ideology than today of gays and lesbians. In the past decade the government has start making different pieces of legislation trying to make marriage legal for gays.
The 1950's were viewed as a decade of prosperity for many Americans. For lesbians and gay men, it was both a time of great fear and immeasurable courage (“Coming Out in America”). During the fifties, being different in America was seen as a crime to many Americans especially to an individual named Senator McCarthy. Senator McCarthy was a Republican senator from Wisconsin during the late forties and fifties. He is known best for being the leader of what are called Red Scare and the Lavender Scare. The Red Scare was the fear of the emergence of Communism in America during the Cold War. Not only did Senator McCarthy accuse people of being communist throughout the decade, but also accused some of being homosexuals as well. The discrimination of homosexuals during the forties and fifties is referred to as the Lavender Scare. Because of the spread of Communism and the societal views on homosexuality during the fifties, many Americans thought of this as the era of great conflict and fear.
In addition to limiting freedom of speech through the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Smith Act, Congress continued on a witch-hunt to remove all dissenters in any way they could, often charging and prosecuting individuals based on circumstantial evidence. This period, often referred to as the Second Red Scare, followed World War II and came as the United States entered the Cold War, was a time of much paranoia. One of the many cases during this period that showed how little evidence was used against individuals to incriminate them was the case of Annie Lee Moss. According to a F.B.I informant, Ms. Moss was a “card carrying, dues paying” member of the Communist party and was brought to testify before McCarthy’s committee, for she was “alleged to have examined and correct secret, encoded oversee messages.” (The McCarthy Years)
The federal government’s action during the Red and Lavender Scares following World War II would promote the hero-heroine relationship with a large portion of the American people. Joseph McCarthy, the figure head of these two scares, crystalized on the anxieties of the public that communism posed a threat to their freedom and democracy when he boldly declared in 1950 that the State Department was infested with communists. He then spearheaded the Internal Security Act (ITA) which would require member of communist organizations to register with the government and eventually made it illegal to even affiliate with any communist organization (Lecture). In addition, McCarthy connected this fear of communism to the gay community by stating that “homosexuality…was the phycological maladjustment that led people toward communism” Johnson 192). As a way to keep homosexuals, communists, or a mix of the two from “threatening” American freedoms, the federal government used acts such as the ITA and Truman era bans on homosexuals working in the government to ease the fears of the American people (Lecture). By using these tactics, the federal government asserted themselves in the lives of Americans, namely those who differentiated from societal norms, and forced them into submission or silence for fear that they would be punished. This act of
This type of secretive government program certainly defines the contradictions of a so-called democratic country, which has continually propagandized the idea of equal rights and the right of individuals to have different political ideas. The role of the RCMP actually presents a type of “police state” mentality that projects a threat to democracy as a part of human rights violations committed by the Canadian government during this time. The Cold Ear ideology of “capitalism versus communism” certainly created a hyper-reactionary dualism in Canadian politics, which viewed anyone who supported communism as an enemy of the state. PROFUNC certainly defines a concerted effort by government officials and the RCMP to monitor Canadian communists with the future potential of having them imprisoned during a time of war with the Soviet Union.
Over the course of this investigation I will look into the ‘Red Hunts’, the communist paranoia and at times unwarranted persecution that occurred in American and other Western allied countries during the Cold War, from the early 1950’s to the late 1960’s. I will investigate the way in which the escalation of the Cold War led to communist paranoia in Western countries and how this ‘Red Scare’ was spread through propaganda and magnified by the intense fear of military and nuclear conflict during the Cold War. The red hunts must be viewed in context - as a symptom of communist paranoia that influenced most of the western world during the Cold War. I will then examine the many ways in which the red hunts can be illustrated - movements such as McCarthyism, blacklisting, the House Un-American Activities Committee, the trial of the ‘Hollywood Ten’ and the communist witch hunts which occurred as a symptom of this communist paranoia in America. I will look at the effects of these events on groups and individuals in American society, and finally the carry on effect of this communist paranoia into New Zealand and the way in which this influenced our society, as well as the lasting impact this has on our society now.
It has only been 19 years since the death of Matthew Wayne Shepard, who is also known as Matt. How and why he died was and still is very malicious. The suffering of his loss has brought pain to those who knew him and heard about him. But, his tragedy has been of influence to some people. Matthew Shepard’s murder has been very significant since the day of his death and today, bringing awareness to the mistreatment of the homosexual youth and how homophobia can influence hate crimes.
In 1997, four men were accused of killing 15-year-old John Hartman in Fairbanks, Alaska. The four men were George Frese, Kevin Pease, Eugene Vent, and Marvin Roberts also known as the “Fairbanks Four”. Three of the men are Native Alaskans, and the forth is Native American, which they claim they were wrongfully accused due to racial discrimination and an outdated form of police interrogation. Marvin Roberts is currently out on parole while the other three are sentenced between 38 to 64 years. Since the beginning of the accusations in 1997, the four men denied killing Hartman. Furthermore, in 2012 William Z. Holmes signed an affidavit stating him and four of his classmates beat up Hartman after driving around town looking for trouble. If the
The ‘Ken and Barbie’ murders are a fascination for many Canadians still to this day. Despite 20 years passing since the infamous murders occurred, there is still much debate surrounding the crimes that took place. In analyzing this crime, it can be found that there is still many grey areas to the serial murderers: Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka.
Following Worthy’s investigation, on July 2008 two more federal charges were brought against Kilpatrick. Both of the new felony charges for assaulting or interfering with an officer of the law. Both counts are for obstruction of justice, there were also another charge of assault as well, which Kilpatrick would eventually plead no contest to the assault charge. The incident occurred when two officers went to serve a subpoena to a close friend of Kilpatrick. Based off the officer who was shoved by Mr. Kilpatrick, they were grabbed him by his shoulders and threw him, knocking him into another officer while trying to hand a subpoena to Bobby Ferguson.
The Society for Human Rights in Chicago is the first documented gay rights organization in the US. Since then gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and transgenders have had to face significant challenges and discrimination. Homosexuality was actually listed as a sociopathic personality disturbance in the American Psychiatric Association in the 1950s and homosexuals were banned from working for the federal government during that same era. It took the American Psychiatric Association 20 years to remove homosexuality from its list of mental disorders.
In the 1950s, the American Psychiatric Association characterized homosexuality as a “sociopathic personality disorder”(Haggerty, 713), in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and it was mentioned as an example of “sexual deviations,” which mean a sexual practice considered morally wrong and legally prohibited. After homosexual were determined as “sociopathic personality disorder” discrimination against them increased. The federal government banned the employment of homosexuals in 1953 by Eisenhower who signed the Executive Order 10450 (Chauncey, George, Nancy), which insisted in the dismissal of all federal employees who were homosexual. Most of the state governments prohibited gay people being served in