Example Of Reflexive Behavior Analysis

He deciphered that dogs like humans salivate (reflex response) when they see food; it is a natural physiological reflex response. However he also demonstrated that a signal such as using a bell (stimulus) just before he gave the dog food would eventually lead the dog to salivate at the sound of the bell even if there was no food present. Pavlov verified by pairing or associating another stimulus (the bell) with food he could train the dogs to salivate. This theory could then be applied to people as well. According to Richard et al (2007) it was found that pairing one stimulus with another stimulus could also provoke a reflexive response in people. This is also called a stimulus – response theory of learning.

In the case of,” 7 year old Antonio, after recovering from a bad flu, at a nearby hospital, would notices having stomach pain, when passing the area of the hospital.” Therefore, Antonio, experience, a case of the Conditioned Response (CR); in this case a learned connection and associations with being in the hospital, feeling sick with the flu, which is a general process, acquisition. Yet, has a Conditioned Stimulus (CS), “ During acquisition, the neutral stimulus begins to elicit the conditioned response, and eventually the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus capable of eliciting the conditioned response by itself.” OpenStax College. (2015). Learning. In Psychology (chapter 6)

Through William James’ research on reflexes, the theorist discovered that through the alteration of intensity, modifications of stimulation methods and changes in environment affect a subject’s response (Clark, 2004; Green, 2009). Similarly to habit formation, the response to a stimuli

Classical conditioning is a type of associative learning which occurs when two stimuli are paired together repetitively and therefore become associated with each other eventually producing the same response. Classical conditioning was developed from the findings of Ivan Pavlov to account for associations between neutral stimuli and reflexive behavior such as salivation. Pavlov (1927) accidently discovered that dogs began to salivate before they had tasted their food. To support his theory, he carried out experiments using dogs which involved measuring the amount of saliva they produced. In his experiments, food started off as an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) which produced salivation, an unconditioned response (UCR). They are both unconditioned as they occur naturally without being learned. The dogs were presented with a bell (NS), this provided no salivation. The bell and food were presented together and after many trails an

4. Why it is important to you to study this discipline in a school that emphasizes cultural awareness, competence, and understanding of diversity (see our Commitment to Diversity Statement).

Baer, D. M., Wofl, M. M., & Risley, T. R. (2015, 11 5). Some Current Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis. Retrieved from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13109980/pdf/jaba00083-0089.pdf

Animals behave in response to their environments just like humans. Behavior can be simply broken down into emotions, thoughts, and psychological responses. These fall under three categories: reflexes, instincts and learned behaviors, which all have a role in helping us to survive in this world. A reflex is an involuntary reaction to stimuli. Our reflexes are controlled by our nervous system. When we go to the doctor for a checkup and the doctor uses an object similar to a hammer and taps its on your knee, he is checking your reflexes. Reflexes are usually fast responses to something such as resting your hand on a hot stove and then lifting it quickly because you did not realize it was on. Instincts are natural behavioral patterns prompted by

To learn more about this phenomenon, researchers conducted a study by which they attempted to condition a dog’s leg reflex by flashing a light before giving a small shock to the dog’s paw. Several trials took place in the following order: flashing of the light, shock, then a leg reflex. After several trials, the dog paired the light with the shock. It came to the point where the dog began to respond immediately after the light flash, even when a shock was not paired with it. It would be assumed that the light flash is now the conditioned stimulus and that the leg reflex is now the conditioned response. However, to be sure of this, researchers decided to test if there is a reflex when a beep sound is presented. Indeed, there was a response after the presentation beep. The elicited response, which was at first

In today’s society, people are very concerned about the behaviors of individuals and why the do certain things in a certain way. Communities are doing research and creating journals to help us out with this difficult subject. One journal is The Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA). This journal is published by the Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior and aims to share research about the experimental analysis of behavior and how it can be applied to problems of social importance. Another scholarly journal focused on behavior studies is The Behaviour Research and Therapy journal. This journal focuses on understanding behavior and emotional disorders and ways to prevent and treat them. The methods used to understand these disorders include cognitive, behavioral, and psychophysiological models, examples, and methods.Both journals are great sources for gathering information and research about human behaviors and their relation to social skills.

It occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together, one being an unlearned stimulus and the other a neutral stimulus. The neutral stimuli eventually will produce the same reaction as the unlearned stimuli. Ivan Pavlov had been investigating the saliva reactions in dogs. He conducted a study where he noticed that dogs salivated not only when food was placed in their mouths but also when stimuli associated with the food (a bell) was presented. Pavlov identified that the dogs had formed an association between the two stimuli, that it was an example of classical conditioning. A problem with this study was the fact that we can not generalize it to humans. Watson and Rayner rectified this in a later study using a young boy named Little Albert. At the age of nine months old, Little Albert was showed a variety of stimuli including a white rat, a monkey, a rabbit and burning newspapers. Watson and Rayner observed the boys’ reaction to the stimuli and found he showed no fear in relation to them. The next time Albert was exposed to the rat the researched made a loud, unpleasant noise which made Albert cry. Eventually, Albert would cry just in the presence of the rat. After this observation ‘Watson and Rayner wrote "The instant the rat was shown, the baby began to cry. Almost instantly he turned sharply to the left, fell over on [his] left side, raised himself on all fours and began to crawl away so rapidly that he was

Conceptually consistent programs within behavior analysis are those programs that use the principles of operant learning theory. Sensory integration and mindfulness therapies are not conceptually consistent with the principles of behavior analysis.

Applied Behavior Analysis analysts are required to know the steps that are needed and necessary for behavior modification. This type of modification requires a clear definition of the behavior needing modification (target behavior), how this will benefit the individual in need of the modification, a clear plan of modification, and consistent data gathering to determine the effectiveness of the proposed behavior modification plan. In order to achieve a successful modification plan, the ABA professional first needs to gather information about the individual either by direct or indirect means. The modification must always been in the best interest of the individual, or those closest to the individual, and it must be a functional modification that can be carried out in the absence of the analyst. The ABA professional needs to understand the needs of each client. In order to do this, the professional will have to assess the behavior, gather data, identify a target behavior, propose a hypothesis about an intervention, implement the modification program, gather more data about the effectiveness of the program, and report about the outcome.

* Ivan Pavlov (behaviorist) – Started the idea of conditioning, where an inherited reflex comes to be triggered by a stimulus that has nothing to do with that reflex. He showed that even inherited reflexes could be influenced dramatically by learning experiences.

This is called the unconditioned stimulus because it is a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response. The conditioned response in this situation would be the child becoming hungry after smelling the food that is the conditioned response.

Classical conditioning was stumbled upon by a Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. His unexpected discovery led him to win a rightfully earned Noble Prize. Classical conditioning is defined as “a form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli (Coon & Mitterer, 2016, p. 201).” This form of learning is also called Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning. He found a connection between the stimuli for his dogs’ salivation during his experiment. To begin explaining classical conditioning, it is best to explain how Pavlov conducted his research. He began his experiment by ringing a bell, which was a neutral stimulus (NS) for his dogs. A neutral stimulus is defined as “a stimulus that does not evoke a response (Coon & Mitterer, 2016, p. 201).” Directly after, he put meat