Explain What Critical Events In Ischemic Cascade

The average duration of a TIA is said to be a few minutes, however, it this has recently been corrected. By definition a transient ischemic attack could have symptoms that last up to a maximum of 24 hours.

As mentioned above, strokes are pathophysiological changes. Ischemia which accounts for 87% of all strokes is a decrease or absent circulating blood which deprives neurons of necessary substrates. As there is no storage of glucose in the brain it leaves no opportunity for the chief ingredient for energy substrate and is incapable of anaerobic metabolism (Shah, MD, n.d.). Ischemia is a medical condition diagnosed when tissues do not have a sufficient oxygen supply, therefor resulting in a decrease in ATP energy, leading to necrosis of tissue. Decreased oxygen supply to tissue (ischemia) is caused by a blockage in an artery mainly from an embolism. An embolism is the breakage of an atherosclerosis formed in any coronary arteries. This floats freely in the blood stream, which eventually may plug a major artery in the brain (stroke), heart (MI) or lungs (lung failure). A thrombus occurs when an already

    Ischemia- local decrease in blood supply    Infarction- death & deterioration of tissue resulting from lack of blood supply.

Most of the current focus on developing neuroprotective therapies is aimed at preventing neuronal death. However, these approaches have not been successful despite many years of clinical trials mainly because the numerous side effects observed in humans and absent in animals used at preclinical level. Recently, the research in this field aims to overcome this problem by developing strategies which induce, mimic, or boost endogenous protective responses and thus do not interfere with physiological neurotransmission.

The first phase occurs instantly after TBI occurs, causing damage directly to the brain tissue such as hemorrhage, laceration, concussion, or contusion1-3. This damage typically results in irreversibly damage and impaired cerebral blood flow and metabolism1. The reduced blood flow leads to a set of mechanisms that result in increased membrane permeability and edema. Without enough blood flow or oxygen, energy sources in the brain are depleted1. Additionally, a set of hormonal changes occur leading to systemic inflammation and increased metabolic needs3.

In order to prevent the aggravation, some check-ups and exams must be done and the cardiologist could ask us to go through the adequate diagnosis tools if needed.

The term, ischemia, denotes inadequate blood supply to tissues due to blockage of the arterial inflow, while, reperfusion injury is defined as the injury caused by the restitution of blood flow after an ischemic peroid, leading to death of cells that were only reversibly injured at the time of blood flow restitution. [63]. The final infarct size after an MI event is therefore the result of the ischemic and reperfusion damage. For this reason, the term that best describes this process of myocyte death in reperfused MI is myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury [64]. In the early hours post myocardial ischemia, injured cardiac cells can release several molecules, including adenosine, opioids, and bradykinin, which activate the G

Ischemic stroke is the blockage of blood vessels in the brain as a result of blood clots (thrombi), causing the portions of the brain nourished by the vessel and its tributaries to be starved of nutrients, poisoned, and to eventually die (“Symptoms

Brain is highly susceptible to complicated consequences of blood flow reductions leading to its altered function which is termed as ischaemia. Focal ischaemia and global ischaemia are the main forms of stroke. Middle cerebral artery occlusion is the main cause of focal ischaemia. Cardiac arrests, shock which creates hypoxia, hypoglycemia of increased metabolic rate of brain cells lowered cerebral perfusion pressure are the causes for global ischaemia. Focal ischemia leads to irreversible cellular damage in brain. Specific thresholds of ischaemia for particular areas in brain are figured. White matter region of the brain is more susceptible to ischaemic insults than the grey matter of the brain. Haematoxylin and eosine stained brain slice in

1 out of 100 people in the U.S are affected with ischemic heart disease. Ischemic heart disease is also known as ischemic cardiomyopathy and is commonly caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis occurs when the inner layer of coronary artery is hardened due to buildups of cells.

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a major cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). Ischemic AKI greatly contributes to patient morbidity and mortality in various clinical settings such as cardiac surgery and renal transplantation.1 Transplanted organs struggle with ischemia and subsequent reperfusion but also require pharmacological strategies to prevent graft rejection. Therefore immunosuppressive substances e.g. mTOR inhibitors had to be used in addition. Nevertheless, an effective therapy of ischemic AKI is still lacking. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is an intriguing phenomenon since it indicates the existence of intrinsic mechanisms that may be targeted for rendering the kidney resistant to ischemic stress. IPC can be achieved by pretreating the kidney itself (local IPC) or a remote organ (remote IPC). The conditioning stimulus may consist of one or several brief I/R cycles. This maneuver confers resistance against I/R injury upon subsequent long-lasting ischemia (“index ischemia”). IPC-mediated renoprotection occurs within the so-called early (minutes to few hours after IPC) and late windows of protection (24 hours to several days after IPC).

Nuclear factor kappa b (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induce oxidative stress and apoptosis in many cell types also cytokines and inflammatory mediators may participate to cause excitotoxic and apoptotic neuronal death.

One of the most important things I learned was sensitive and critical periods in newborns. Critical periods and sensitive periods are to describe important windows of development. Also after critical period passes, development cannot occur in Sensitive period after it passes learning can occur. It can apply to my life because it could help me learn what ability would not be developed.

It is very well demonstrated that MCAO results in the injury to striatum, cortex and hippocampus region depending upon the time of occlusion of MCA and reperfusion period (Longa, 1989; Nagasawa, 1989; Heurteaux, 2006). This can be clearly visualized using TTC staining. TTC which is usually white in color is reduced by dehydogenases (especially succinate dehydrogenase) into

It is very well demonstrated that MCAO results in the injury to striatum, cortex and hippocampus region depending upon the time of occlusion of MCA and reperfusion period (Longa, 1989; Nagasawa, 1989; Heurteaux, 2006). This can be clearly visualized using TTC staining. TTC which is usually white in color is reduced by dehydogenases (especially succinate dehydrogenase)