Flexible Li-Ion Batteries Essay

The marines use a primary battery for communication devices. Primary batteries are non-rechargeable batteries and are not reliable because of high power demands. Another problem of a primary battery is the efficiency. No battery is 100% efficient. Therefore, other factors are related with the battery life, such as age of battery, temperature, discharge time. To overcome the issues with primary batteries, marines use rechargeable batteries for different equipment. Moreover, only rechargeable batteries can be used in the solar panel systems.

Among the various energy-storage technologies, the electrochemical capacitors or supercapacitors are considered as a promising candidate for the energy storage devices and conversion systems, which have higher energy and power density than batteries. These capacitors have been considered for variety of applications such as hybrid electric vehicles, memory protection of computer electronics and uninterrupted power supplies [1-3]. Based on the charge storage mechanism, the supercapacitor can be classified into two types; (i) Electric double layer capacitor (EDLC), utilizing the electrostatic charge separation at the electrode/electrolyte interface to store electrical charge. (ii) Pseudocapacitor which employs the electro-active materials with fast redox reaction at electrode surface [4]. The pseudocapacitive behavior of transition metal oxide electrode materials has been mainly studied for supercapacitor due to their high capacitance than the EDLC based material. The performance (pseducapacitive behavior) of the transition metal oxide electrodes are, mainly determined by the electrochemical activity and kinetic feature. They produced by fast faradaic reaction associated with the extraction of ions and electrons [2]. The spinel metal oxides assembled

Every year it is estimated that 1.8 million batteries are not properly disposed of. When this happens, it poses a major threat to the ecosystem. Heavy metals used in batteries are toxic to humans and they can leach into our water system. Lead and nickel-cadmium (Nd-CD) can only enter the human body by inhalation or ingestion, but mercury can even be absorbed through the skin. Federal and state laws and regulations have been implemented and enforced to ensure heavy metal batteries are properly disposed of and recycled.

While lithium batteries are not specifically included or exempted in the hazardous waste regulations, these batteries have some characteristics of toxic hazardous wastes. The reason for the uncertainty regarding the toxic characteristics of lithium batteries is because they can be effectively disposed as non-hazardous waste by discharging them fully. When completely charged or partially discharged, lithium batteries can be regarded as reactive hazardous waste due to the considerable amounts of un-reacted lithium in the battery ("Product Sheet", 2007).

A lot of information from different sources was gathered with the purpose of comparing different Li-ion batteries mechanisms, cathode and anode materials, structure and fabrication procedures, and their respective advantages and disadvantages.

The article states that people in ancient time didn't use vessels as electrical batteries and provides three reasons for support. However, the professor explains that this evidence isn't convincing and refutes each of the author's reasons.

Wang, Y., Chen, K.S., Mishler, J., Cho, S.C., and Adroher, X.C. (2011)A Review of Polymer ElectrolyteMembrane Fuel Cells: Technology, Applications, and Needs on Fundamental Research, Applied Energy, 88, (4), pp. 981-1007.

Rechargeing batterys all around the world. Lithium is in batterys that are rechargebale. To cellphones to laptops, the battery has lithium.

In 2006, Sony recalled 4.1 million notebook batteries due to six cases of spontaneous combustion (Krazit, 2006; Hollister, 2015). In 2013, lithium ion batteries caused airplanes to be redirected due to safety precautions (Musil, 2013). Lithium batteries have evolved since these incidents to better assist technology. The mishandling, poor design, and cheap manufacturing of the battery caused these accidents. Recently, in 2015, lithium batteries went under fire due to potentially being the cause of hoverboard fires. However, the causes of the fires are unknown and are currently being investigated. The initial blame of the problem is on the batteries contained in this product and not the cheap production or lack of standards for the product. The combustion of the lithium ion batteries in hoverboards is a magnified

While Lithium based batteries have allowed electronic products to become more portable, current applications of lithium based batteries are starting to show the limitations of the current technology. These limitations include aspects such as energy density, charge rate, and the usable lifetime of the battery. Furthermore, over the past decade safety concerns of lithium ion batteries have become more and more apparent in both industrial and consumer uses of lithium based batteries.

Back Bay Battery is one of over 20 major manufacturers of NiMH batteries. The field is crowded,

Pye’s article on crosslinked, gel-matrix polymers in supercapacitors excited me when I saw it. It demonstrated that in the near future new “battery” technologies would turn the current battery related drawbacks a distant memory. To my amazement, Pye stated that the researchers working on the project expect the new supercapacitors to be between 1,000 to 10,000 times more powerful than current capacitors. While this may sound dubious, Pye is a writer for Plastics Engineering Magazine and presented himself as an expert on the subject. His work was well

Other types of batteries such as the high drain lithium ones are becoming popular due to the increasing use of electronic devices.

1,2 In this case, YSZ is included in the cathode to provide ionic conductivity, as well as enhancing the connection between the electrode and the YSZ electrolyte. YSZ in the electrode also helps match the thermal expansion of the electrode to the electrolyte.1-4 The functions of LSM in the composite cathode include providing electronic conductivity and catalytic activity, but with negligible contributions to ionic conductivity.4,5

Here we report the fabrication of a flexible all carbon field effect transistor (FET) using a low cost, recyclable and biodegradable cellulose paper as both substrate as well as dielectric and pencil graphite as source, drain, channel and gate without using any other expensive, toxic or non-biodegradable materials. The electron and hole mobility’s of FET are observed to be 180 and 200 cm2v-1s-1 respectively which are comparable to the recently reported values of paper FET with polymer dielectric and cellulose composite dielectrics. The FET was utilized as a strain sensor which shows good sensitivity for low strains of both tensile and compressive type. The mobility of the FET increases with increase in compressive strain and decreases with increase in tensile strain. The sensitivity of the FET sensor increases with the increase in the gate voltage.