Article 1.
Gallant, Jason R. et al. 2014. Genomic basis for the convergent evolution of electric organs. Science 344 (6191) :1522-1525.
• (Ho)- The electric organs are a characteristic in electric fishes that have changed separately numerous times over generations and are used to make electricity to navigate, to communicate, to help in defense and to aid in catching and eating prey but have no similarities between the lineages.
• (Ha)- The electric organs are a characteristic in electric fishes that have changed separately numerous times over generations in order to make electricity to navigate, to communicate, to help in defense and to aid in catching and eating prey but have similarities between the lineages, like pathways that affect certain cells and similar transcription factors.
• The article was an experimental article. One of the methods used was next generation sequencing technologies in order to make an assembly of the electric eels genome. The experiment also used variance filtering in order to show sets of tissue specific regulated genes and used de nova transcriptome assembly in various different species skeletal muscles. They also used reciprocal BLAST seeking of the group of electric eel genes accompanied by the matches that were also identified through manual conformation. They concentrated on convergent assets of electrical organs against skeletal muscle amid lineages, and then inspected arrangements of gene expression in developmental passageways
1. Many experiments were conducted during the 1950s and 1960s with chick embryos and they showed that two patches of tissue essentially controlled the development of the pattern of bones inside limbs. Describe at
3a. Body more than five times as long as broad; front edge of dorsal fin far
All animals with limbs have a common design. If a batwing were to be formed from a person’s hand, make the fingers extremely long; a horse elongates the middle fingers and reduce and lose the outer ones; frogs elongate the bones of the leg and fuse several of them together. All in all, despite radical changes in what limbs do and what they look like, this underlying blueprint is always present.
Phylum: Chordata, an organism who developed a notched, a nervous system with that contain gill cleft with the vertebrates.
The worm, crayfish, and the frog have many of the same distinct features as well as some that are not. Throughout the dissection days, i’ve observed many things that relate to the human body system like the digestive system, respiratory, reproduction, etc. But, there are also many things that don’t match with one another. There are many things I can talk about the similarities and differences between all these animals to the human system, but i'll keep this short so it won’t be a whole 7 page essay. I will be talking about mostly about the similar and differences to each one that is compared to the human body system or mostly compared to one another.
Anatomical features are greatly responsible for the popularity of Daphnia. The most prominent anatomical feature of Daphnia is transparency; many organs, including the heart’s beating, are visible with the human eye. Additionally, the head of Daphnia have a compound eye and antennae, both used to improve swimming performance (Chin, 2011; Corotto, 2010). Another notable feature of Daphnia is the overall body shape that resembles a human kidney (Chin,
- a layer off fatty tissue such as like a home electrical wire that speeds their impulses.
Accompanied by fossil experts Fred Mullison and Bob Masek, the author discovered a fish with a wrist, and another with a part of a fin, and part of a limb. They worked to relate the structure of the fin/wrist joint with its function for the fish. Titaalik had shoulder, elbow, and wrist shapes composed of the same bones as the upper arm, forearm, and wrist in humans. With pectoral muscle scars and crests, the author could conclude that the fish could do “pushups”. Considering the rest of the animal, with its flat head, top eyes, and ribs, the fish was built to navigate the bottom of streams and ponds, avoiding larger predators in the water. The interesting hypothesis coming from this evidence is that many of the major bones humans use to do different functions such as walk, throw, and grasp came first from other ancient animals. Yet, these bones similar in structure to their ancient counterparts come together to create a unique construction in the present. Characteristic of this construction include our ability to rotate our thumbs relative to the elbow, leading to hand usage, as well as the hind limbs with knees and elbows in opposite directions, leading to bipedal
“Do you perhaps mean,” I asked, “that the fish has symmetrical side with paired organs?”
The book Your Inner Fish by Neil Shubin is a journey into 3.5-billion-year history of the human body. The book is an entertaining and useful novel that demonstrates the evolution of some of our major structures through time. By analyzing fossils and DNA, the author shows us that our hands truly resemble fish fins, our head is organized like that of a long-extinct jawless fish, and that major parts of our genome look and function like those of worms and bacteria. The book takes us on a remarkable expedition in which it will show us our inner fish, reptile and
These two features earlier are examples that we can see with our naked eyes, but the DNA make up that we cannot see with our eyes alone are also laid out the same as well. In the evolutionary pathway, the genes that turn on and off for humans and fish are related through the instructions on how they function. All living things with limbs have in common the Sonic hedgehog gene (Shubin, p. 53). The Sonic hedgehog gene can control the development of the limbs in these creatures. To determine if the development of vertebrate animals can be interpreted in the same way, or have the same effect, the injection of vitamin A was used to inject into a shark, mice, and chicken embryos to see if the results were the same. The results turned out that the injection of vitamin A has indeed changed the development of limbs in these embryos. The effects cause the shark to have a mirror image of its fin, and the mice and chicken have duplication of bones in the limbs (Shubin, p.56-57). It becomes clear of what will happen if
body. The most common use would be the generation of cells and tissues that could be
In some species of fish, such as the three – spined sticktle back, the male, not the female, performs the task of caring the young
“Hisss, Crackle, Zap” The sound of electricity traveling along. Electricity will never be stopped from flowing to its next destination. I too flow from the negatives to positives. I also have conductors that help make me better and stronger. There are also the insulators that try to stop me from achieving greater distances. Electricity can be funny too, like the shocking hand gag. Electricity helps others or it can devastate and destroy. Electricity empowers. Like electricity I have no fears.
Through research of the embryonic development of the ascidians, scientists were able to better understand the vertebrate gene function and regulatory networks of several processes. The ascidia genes involved in the formation of the notochord, which were shown to be analogous to those of tadpoles, and were consequently mapped in order to obtain information regarding gene function in vertebrates. In addition, the developmental processes in ascidia embryogenesis were studied in great detail, leading to advances in the conception of the regulatory network's involvement in governing notochord differentiation and also the process leading to the formation of the tail (Corbo et al. 2001).