According to Figure 2.8, node 7, node 8 and node 9 do not have any other predecessors except node 5 & node 6 and by removing non-instantiated methods they become head nodes. So, I should remove these heads from graph and this new graph can be considered as RTA result for the given CHA Call Graph (Figure 2.9).
Figure 2.9: The result of removing head nodes from graph
To clarify this approach, I will use the computed Class Hierarchy Analysis Call Graph from the first example (Figure 2.6) and convert it to RTA. Since set of instantiated classes contains Class B & Class C, according to the algorithm, I have to remove node A.m( ).
Moreover, if I check Call Graph again, I will find that node Interface.( ) has a reflexive edge and it’s indegree=1 . Therefore, this node should be deleted as well.
Figure 2.10 illustrates a conversion from CHA to RTA:
CHA retrieved call graph
Removing non-instantiated node Removing non-connected node
Figure 2.10: CHA to RTA conversion
2.3.3 Class Type Analysis (CTA)
CTA’s main idea is narrowing down the set of reachable methods of a call site b.n( ) inside method A.m( ) by keeping track of "available target types" within class A. Since CTA algorithm is refinement of CHA and RTA, I can reuse CHA or RTA Call Graph result in CTA and decrease the set of reachable methods of a call b.n( ) to make it more precise.
CTA algorithm implementation has three phases:
a) Class Graph Generation
b) Data flow
c) Call Graph Generation
a)
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For all the research methods, questionnaires and interviews, the responses will be kept confidential and all the aspects of confidentiality will be respected.
first one failed.In this case while one node is utilized,the other node computation power is wasted.
I believe that I would be a good representative for the National Junior Honor Society because I represent the five qualities of a member of the organization: scholarship, leadership, service, citizenship, and character. I have leadership skills from programs like Girl Scouts, softball, and Student Council. I’ve volunteered in many service projects including Christmas bags for foster children, playing piano at a hospice center, volunteering at a food bank, teaching brownies (2nd to 3rd graders) how to camp at a Girl Scout camp, passing out flowers to rooms in a hospice center, and passing out care packages to the homeless. I have amazing citizenship skills such as following rules and laws in not only the classroom but in my community, teaching
The CSC's first step consists on creating all the possible direct edges by employing the maximum available transmission power $P_{MAX}$. The algorithm for this step takes as input: the node set $V = {v_1, v_2, ..., v_n}$ with location information; the maximum transmission power $P_{MAX}$. As output, a direct graph $\overline{G}$ is produced. Figure \ref{top_nos} shows an input graph which consists of 500$\times$500 area with $n = 70$ nodes and no edges. Figure \ref{top_original} show the resulting graph when nodes create edges based on its maximum transmission power. In this examples, the maximum transmission power is $P_{MAX} = 4900$ and the maximum transmission range is $R_{MAX}$ = 70 meters. Note that the resulting graph is not necessarily connected.
to do the specific task. It has a node structure which contains integer data, pointers for next node and previous node of doubly linked list. It has a Head node
Exercise 2.3.4: It would take 1 hop to go from A to D, and from D to A. One additional link would connect E to the network, which would have no effect on sending messages.
with the quantization step of ${\rm N} = \left[ {\frac{H}{{\Delta Y_k}}} \right]$. The nodes are divided into ${L}$ steps and we decide whether node $j$ is selected
In this example, here node A wants to send data packets to node D and starts to find the shortest path for its destination, so if node D is a malicious node then it will show that it has active route to the specified destination. It will then send the response In the example, data packets transfer in a hierarchic data center network. The link capacity is 1000 kb/s. The number on each is the traffic load. The distribution of traffic is based on equal cost multi-path (ECMP). In figure 8, we can see that the 3). Congestions
(c) Denial of Service with modified source routes: This attack is possible against DSR which uses source routes and works as follows - in figure 3.3, assume that a shortest path exists from S to X. Also assume that C and X cannot hear each other, that nodes B and C cannot hear each other, [17]and that M is a malicious node attempting a denial-of-service attack. Suppose S sends a data packet to X with the source route S-A-B-C-D-X. If M intercepts this packet, removes D from the list and forwards it to C, C will attempt to forward this packet to X which is not possible since C cannot hear X. Thus M has successfully launched a DoS attack on X.[17]
Being proactive, AODV doesn’t need all its nodes in a network to maintain the routes to destinations rather request a route only when needed i.e., only the nodes which are communicating would require to maintain the route. Also AODV uses sequence numbers to avoid routing loops like in DSDV. Whenever a node needs to communicate with another node, a route has to be found and for that purpose Route Request (RREQ) message is broadcasted to all its neighbors till it reaches the destination node or route to destination. A temporary route table entry in initiated by the RREQ messages throughout the network. Once the destination or a route is found, Route Reply (RREP) message is sent back to source by unicasting along the temporary reverse path of the received RREQ message. RREP message initiates in creating a routing table entries for the destination in intermediate nodes on its way back to source. After certain amount of time these routing table entries expire. Neighbors are detected by periodic HELLO messages (a special RREP message). If a node A does not receive HELLO messages from a neighbor B through which it sends traffic, it assumes that a link is broken and the failure indication is forwarded to its active neighbors. When this message reaches the sources, then either they request a new route by sending new RREQ messages or stop sending data. HELLO messages and the
Using the provided network diagram, write a program that finds the shortest path routing using the Bellman-Ford algorithm. Your program should represent the fact that your node is U. Show how the iterative process generates the routing table for your node. One of the keys to your program will be in determining when the iterative process is done.
The right branch has records 1,3,8,9,10. Now we split the right child which has records 1,3,8,9,10. Candidate Split Left Child Node, tL Right Child Node, tR
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c) The same as part b above, but now there are four index records at the lowest level of the tree index.