HRAS Lab Report

The mole is a convenient unit for analyzing chemical reactions. Avogadro’s number is equal to the mole. The mass of a mole of any compound or element is the mass in grams that corresponds to the molecular formula, also known as the atomic mass. In this experiment, you will observe the reaction of iron nails with a solution of copper (II) chloride and determine the number of moles involved in the reaction. You will determine the number of moles of copper produced in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the number of moles of iron used up in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and determine the number of atoms and formula units involved in

As scientists we were given the task to find the overall effectiveness of NaCl as a deicer. In choosing the best deicer we are comparing NaCl to KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2. We believed NaCl to be the best deicer as it

Dissolved oxygen varies depending on the temperature in the water, salinity, oxygen depletion, oxygen source and other parameters (Stoddart 2014). Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD can be defined as the amount of dissolved oxygen that microbes utilize to decompose organic matter in the water (Academic 2015). Results from BOD can be usually found after 5 days. However, some times in order to get a complete biochemical Oxygen, BOD must be measured for 20 to 25 days (Pisarevsky 2005). Chemical Oxygen Demand COD measures all organic carbon in a water sample by oxidizing organic matter with strong chemicals. COD is a chemically/thermal oxidation reaction. COD includes both biodegradable components and non-biodegradable components (Levarage

260/280 should be greater than 2.0, if greater than 2.0 there is no protein impurities. 260/280 if less than 1.8 there is other organic impurities. And ng/ul is the density of DNA.

8, after ozonation, removal of COD in all samples are 100%. This shows the pharmaceutical compounds removal from wastewaters completed. So, ozonation unit will improve removal performance. Ozone, as a rich oxidant, can effectively reduce pharmaceutical components concentration which is hardly

The purpose of this two-part experiment was to “determine the mass percent of sodium hypochlorite in a commercial chlorine bleach sample” (lab website). Titration is used in this lab twice. In Part one, students will use the solution of KIO3 primary standard and use this solution to standardize a solution containing sodium thiosulfate. When the KI is added to the solution, it forms a brown/yellow color. Then students used titration to add Na2SO3 to make the color go from brown/yellow to colorless. In the second part of the lab, students used the standardized Na2SO3 solution to determine the mass percent of sodium hypochlorite in the commercial chlorine bleach. Students used titration to the standard solution of Na2SO3 to

The chemical oxygen demand (COD); is the measure of the all chemicals that found in the water body that can be oxidized or is the measure of the oxygen equivalent of the organic substance found in the water body that is disposed to oxidation. The COD can be related empirically to BOD, organic carbon, or organic matter. In COD test a chemical used instead of the bacteria to oxidase the organic substance and is used more for industrial wastewater as the BOD is used for municipal wastewater. BOD and COD are two of three methods used to determine carbon present in the water

The influent, after screening and decanting is stored to the flow and organic load equalization tank and then inflows at a rate of QF = 80m3 d-1 to the SNdN activated sludge system. The SNdN system actually functions as an autonomous treatment plant where oxidation of organic pollutants, nitrification/denitrification and suspended solids sedimentation are taking place. Furthermore a sludge recycling from the secondary clarifier to the aeration tank is performed so as to ensure the required microbiological load (5000 ± 450 mg L-1). The aeration tank of the SNdN activated sludge system operates under low D.O. concentration (between 0,2 to 0,7 mg L-1). According to Mercalf and Eddy (2003), under low D.O. concentration conditions, low nitrification rates result, as the activated sludge floc will be partially aerobic. Denitrification occurs in the anoxic zones within the floc particles due to oxygen depletion. These conditions results nitrogen removal in a single aeration tank, referred as simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (Mercalf and Eddy, 2003). In such systems, although usually both nitrification and denitrification are occurring at low rates, relative high SRT and HRT values achieves significant nitrogen removal (Mercalf and Eddy, 2003). The SRT and HRT values of the SNdN system studied are 29 and 0,75 days respectively.

This report provides analysis and evaluation of a newly designed wastewater treatment facility for Sand Valley, Nevada. Analysis will include Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) along with total, volatile, and fixed suspended solids. Methods for analysis will include the Winkler Test for BOD and a Hatch test for the suspend solids.

From researching the most important parameters it has shown that all parameters are linked together in turn affecting each other and in turn affecting the AD efficiency. An AD system should be operated carefully controlled and closely monitored so to create optimal conditions for the bacteria to grow, these factors should be considered when designing and operating the digester. For the two main digestion process mesophilic and thermophilic it was found that different values are required for certain parameter such as temperature and pH values which depends mainly on the feedstock used in the AD process, from researching different reports there are no specific set figures for the values of the parameters as they vary slightly from report to report and depends on the use and desired outcome of the AD process. Parameters such as volatile solids, nutrients & toxics and carbon to nitrogen ratio show the importations of monitoring the mixture of feedstock in the digester and feedstock being fed into the digester

The goal of this application of CSIA will be to identify the true source of contamination using the ratio of stable

The BDST curves obtained by plotting ln(Co/Ct -1) against t were used to calculate the values of adsorption capacity, No and the rate constant, ka from the slope and intercept of the linear plots. Table 3 presents the estimated values of the characteristic parameters, No and ka along with the correlation regression coefficient (R2) of the respective BDST plots. The decrease in values of ka were observed with increasing bed height and influent Cd(II) concentration, while increased with increasing flow rates. The values of rate constant, ka greatly influences the shape of the breakthrough curve in a packed bed column study.(Y4) With higher ka values the breakthrough can be avoided using lower bed height, whereas as the ka values decreases the progressively longer bed heights are required to eliminate the breakthrough. (A1) Further, the No values were increased with increasing bed height and influent Cd(II) concentration. This behavior can be attributed to the increased contact time of Cd(II) ions with the biochar as the bed height increased (A3) while with increasing influent concentration provided the higher loading of Cd(II) ions to saturate the biochar in a short period of contact (T1). As in case with increased flow rate, the No values were decreased which is indicative of more saturation of adsorbent sites. (Y1) These findings suggest that the overall adsorption

The disposal of untreated wastewater coming from the industries into the water bodies will pollute the water bodies because of its high concentrations. So, the wastewater produced from the industry should be treated properly to meet the permissible limits given by central and state pollution control boards. Therefore it is necessary to treat the wastewater properly with the help of an appropriate treatment plant. However, the treatment plant even though properly planned may not work satisfactory because of several reasons. Hence, it is essential to evaluate the treatment plant considering individual treatment unit in the entire treatment flow. In the present work emphasis has been given to the study of the performance of treatment facilities because of its importance in the conventional treatment of wastewater. Hence, the literature review related to the evaluation of the entire treatment process along with biological treatment process particularly suspended growth process Activated Sludge Process (ASP), attached growth process Trickling Filter (TF) and a combination of the both suspended and attached growth process Hybrid Reactor (HR) is presented in the following sections of this chapter.

Course taking and apparatus set up will be the first steps in this project. For safety measures, the apparatus needs to be reinstalled under the fume hood. Basic pretreatment processes will be carried out in order to prepare the biosorbents for adsorption. Aiming to check the reliability of the system and find possible pitfalls, some preliminary tests will be run, and the results will be analyzed. Once the reliability of the apparatus, repeatability of the process, and standard operating procedure are determined, the next phase of the project will be commenced.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND POLLUTION CONTROL)