History Of Arthropod-Borne Viruses

* The Reston Ebolavirus was discovered during an outbreak of Simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV) in crab-eating macaques from Hazleton Laboratories (now Covance) in 1989. Since the initial outbreak in Reston, Virginia, it has emerged in Siena Italy, Texas, and among pigs in the Philippines. Despite its status as a Level-4 organism, it is non-pathogenic to humans although hazardous in monkeys.

The incidence is highest in late summer and early autumn, until the first hard frost does away with the mosquito population for that year. Birds and other animals (such as horses) are the usual reservoir for the infection, and they are involved in its dissemination. Initial viral symptoms may give way to high fever and neck stiffness (meningeal signs). However, as with most forms of encephalitis, it is the confusion and depressed levels of consciousness (stupor) that mark the infection as being of the brain (encephalitis) and not just the meninges. West Nile Virus is an acute central nervous disease (McCance & Huether, 2014).

Viruses, Plagues, and History, written by Michael Oldstone, is an insightful and highly educational book that details the history of, that’s right, viruses and plagues. Through typically dry, yet engaging prose, Oldstone recounts what seems like all of it while simultaneously bringing to light the contributions of those brave scientists who asked themselves, “why.” He focuses his attention on some of the most notable viruses such as smallpox, yellow fever, measles, polio, and later he focuses on more contemporary battles against disease.

Encephalitis is a neurological disorder that results in the inflammation of the brain and sometimes the meninges. It is usually due to a viral infection. Most often arboviruses cause encephalitis, by transference via mosquitos to humans and animals. When bitten by an infected mosquito the virus moves from the mosquito into the person’s blood, it then reaches the brain and spinal cord, it multiplies within the central nervous system thus inflaming and damaging nerve cells, this interferes with signals from the brain to the rest of the body. The herpes simplex virus type one can commonly cause encephalitis. HIV has also been noted as an increasing cause of encephalitis. Viral infections like: mumps, chicken pox and measles can also cause encephalitis, but rarely.

Introduction: Over time we come to realize a lot of things we have to live life with right under our nose and right at our door step. one of the worst and on going things we have to deal with are Viruses. there are a wide range of different types of viruses, from ones that can kill you ,to ones that we don't even know we have, some are contagious , and some are not, and also the dreaded air borne viruses. One virus that is not commonly mentioned is Valley Fever.

Ebola and West Nile virus have negative effects on human health. Both Ebola and West Nile virus ara capable of disabling protein receptors within cells. This allows the pathogen to continue to spread through the body, therefore evading the immune system. Ebola causes flu like symptoms, including fever, headaches, muscle pain, fatigue, diarrhea, vomiting, and even unexplained hemorrhaging. These symptoms may appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure. Survival rate is dependant on the person's immune system due to the lack of a specific treatment. Symptoms are typically treated as they appear. West Nile virus, however, is different. Most people infected do not experience symptoms, while a small amount (1 in 5) will experience symptoms similar to Ebola. About 1 in 150 people will experience severe symptoms such as high fever, disorientation, coma,

In year 2013, CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) get report of 2605 cases as regards to noticeable arboviral disease, comprising those caused through 2469 cases of WNV (West Nile Virus), 85 cases of LACV, 22 cases of JCV, 8 cases of EEEV, and 15 cases of POWV, and cases of few other diseases. These cases were stated from 26 percent (830) among the 3141 nations of U.S., no cases were stated from Hawaii or Alaska. The WNV virus is having majority of cases from all other cases. Therefore, it is measured as a vital or serious disease. (Nicole P. Lindsey, 2014)

The virus has received its name from its birth in Norwalk Ohio. It was responsible for a short term outbreak of gastroenteritis occurring in the students of Bronson elementary school in November of 1968. It wasn’t until 1972 the virus was examined and received its name as the Norwalk virus. Since its known birth,

With this single mutation, the Chickungunya virus codes for a protein which helps it enter the mosquitoes cells via a receptor protein. This simple, yet fascinating mutation allows for the virus to transfer from species to species as it changes the virus' surface proteins.

According Suthar, Diamond, & Gale (2013), neuroinvasive is the ability of the virus to enter the central nervous system (CNS) and thrive efficiently within target cells to cause infection (p. 116). The outbreaks in the U.S. resulted to surveillance of birds and mosquitoes on a geographical distribution, to use it as a prediction for future and current human WNV cases (CDC, 1999) as well as, the vector control program.

People typically develop symptoms 3 to 15 days after they are bitten by an infected mosquito. WNV affects the central nervous system in the body, however, symptoms vary. Less than one percent (about one in 150 people) of individuals infected with WNV will develop severe illness. The severe symptoms can include high fever, headache, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, vision loss, numbness

The West Nile Virus was first heard of when it was discovered in 1937 in the West Nile district of Uganda, but was first discovered in North America in 1999. It is believed that the West Nile Virus is caused by the bite of a mosquito that is infected. The mosquitoes become carriers of the disease when they feed on infected birds. The disease can also be transmitted to other animals. In a very small number instances, the virus has been reported to be spread by blood and body fluid contact in cases such as blood transfusions and pregnant mothers to baby transmission during delivery and breastfeeding. The virus starts when a virus infected mosquito bites a bird, it sticks it mouth into the animals skin. As the mosquito bites, it drinks fluid from the bird’s insides and it squirts saliva into the wound. The West Nile is transmitted through the saliva. The virus inside the bird starts when it invades cells in the bird’s skin. The saliva usually attacks the immune system cells which are cells that are supposed to defend the animal from diseases. Virus-laden immune cells then crawl into the lymph nodes, where they release their passengers, leading to infection in the immune cells. The

The fastest communication of the virus to humans were reported in turkey. Simultaneously, 1.5 million birds were killed to contain the virus. The symptoms of such a disease that the temperature of your body dramatically starts to increase followed by a cough. Then the host (humans) starts to experience a difficulty in breathing and a severe pain in the stomach most of it ends with diarrhea – a disease happens when our digestive system are not able any more to absorb liquids and minerals. A further exposure to the virus can lead to shock, the respiratory system stop working completely, and the other vital organs like liver fail to function normally and eventually death may occur.

Encephalitis is a condition caused by viruses which cause the brain to become inflamed. There are two types of encephalitis one is called primary because the viruses affect the brain itself. Secondary is the viruses travel from some other part of the body that has been affect to the brain. When the virus reaches the brain it begins to multiply causing inflammation. The brain’s white matter can be destroyed. This destruction causes cell death, hemorrhage and edema. The edema begins to compress the blood vessels this causes intracranial pressure (Mayo Clinic, 2011).

When the body has successfully defeated the virus, the virus will remain in the body in case of